Fear
learning
processes
are
assumed
to
play
a
key
role
in
the
pathogenesis
of
anxiety
disorders,
heterogeneous
group
disorders
characterized
by
excessive
and
avoidance
behavior.
While
some
receive
more
attention
fear
safety
research,
others
remain
understudied.
Heterogeneity
concepts,
measures,
designs
within
field
further
contribute
inconsistent
study
outcomes.
Addressing
these
challenges,
we
conducted
systematic
meta-analysis,
adhering
PRISMA
guidelines,
examine
differences
conditioning
between
patients
healthy
participants,
updating
meta-analysis
Duits
et
al.
(2015).
We
extended
previous
analyses
conducting
subgroup
for
different
types
distinguished
physiological
behavioral
outcome
measurements.
This
includes
76
studies
published
1986
2022
with
data
from
1.974
3.154
participants.
The
results
support
acquisition
extinction
individuals
compared
More
specifically,
showed
heightened
responses
CS-
both
measures
during
acquisition,
increased
aversiveness
ratings
CS+.
Following
learning,
threat
expectancy
affect
CS+
CS-,
alongside
stronger
SCR
These
findings
suggest
that
may
exhibit
amplified
cues
along
delayed
learned
associations.
changes
lead
sensitivity
acquiring
detecting
slower
process,
resulting
enduring
responses.
characteristics
consistent
"better-safe-than-sorry"
information
processing
strategy
linked
susceptibility
anxiety.
integrate
our
into
current
literature
on
discuss
possible
underlying
mechanisms.
Furthermore,
explicitly
mention
give
recommendations
how
they
can
be
addressed.
NeuroImage,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
307, С. 121037 - 121037
Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2025
Observational
fear
learning
delineates
the
process
by
which
individuals
learn
about
potential
threats
through
observing
others'
reactions.
Prior
research
indicates
that
with
high
trait
anxiety
(HTA)
manifest
pronounced
responses
in
direct
scenarios.
However,
specific
influence
of
on
observational
remains
insufficiently
explored.
This
study
aimed
to
fill
this
gap
examining
64
university
students,
divided
equally
between
those
HTA
and
low
(LTA),
selected
from
an
initial
pool
483
participants.
Participants
were
subjected
tasks,
their
behavioral
responses,
physiological
reactions,
brain
activations
recorded.
Results
demonstrated
participants
exhibited
differentiated
skin
conductance
threat
safety
stimuli
during
acquisition
phase,
notwithstanding
prior
assurances
against
shock
delivery.
Furthermore,
test
reported
significantly
elevated
expectancy
ratings
for
both
types
stimuli,
contrast
LTA
counterparts.
Neuroimaging
data,
derived
via
functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
revealed
heightened
medial
prefrontal
cortex
activation
when
directly
facing
threats.
systematically
explores
learning,
uncovering
exhibit
excessive
responses.
These
findings
highlight
critical
role
as
a
significant
risk
factor
development
disorders.
Journal of Affective Disorders,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
The
current
study
compared
symptom
networks
between
individuals
exhibiting
resilience
and
non-resilience
trajectories
of
adaptation
two
years
after
the
COVID-19
outbreak.
A
population-representative
sample
(N
=
906)
reported
symptoms
anxiety
depression
in
February-July
2020
(T1),
March-August
2021
(T2),
September
2021-February
2022
(T3),
as
well
post-traumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD)
adjustment
(AD)
at
T3.
After
differentiating
with
using
growth
mixture
modeling,
network
analyses
were
conducted
to
investigate
group
differences
T3
(undirected
directed).
Despite
non-significant
(M
0.184,
p
.380;
S
0.096,
.681),
distinctive
qualitative
characteristics
observed
networks.
Difficulty
relaxing
was
identified
single
root
cause
more
diffused
network,
depressive
additional
starting
points
which
interconnected
into
clusters
clear-cut
diagnostic
boundaries.
Sad
mood
demonstrated
a
transdiagnostic
communicative
role
across
common
mental
disorders.
Our
results
contribute
understanding
anxiety-depression-PTSD-AD
resilient
non-resilient
by
highlighting
consequences
heterogeneity
capacity
development
pandemic-related
psychopathology.
European journal of psychotraumatology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2025
Background:
Maladaptive
patterns
of
attention
to
emotional
stimuli
are
a
clinical
feature
posttraumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD).
Using
eye-tracking-based
methodology,
research
points
out
the
presence
sustained
threatening
in
individuals
with
PTSD.
However,
most
eye-tracking
studies
this
field
used
free-viewing
tasks
on
negative
stimuli.
Childhood
adversity
is
a
strong
predictor
of
developing
psychopathological
conditions.
Multiple
theories
on
the
mechanisms
underlying
this
association
have
been
suggested
which,
however,
differ
in
operationalization
‘exposure.’
Altered
(threat)
learning
represent
central
by
which
environmental
inputs
shape
emotional
and
cognitive
processes
ultimately
behavior.
1402
healthy
participants
underwent
fear
conditioning
paradigm
(acquisition
training,
generalization),
while
acquiring
skin
conductance
responses
(SCRs)
ratings
(arousal,
valence,
contingency).
was
operationalized
as
(1)
dichotomization,
following
(2)
specificity
model,
(3)
cumulative
risk
(4)
dimensional
model.
Individuals
exposed
to
childhood
showed
blunted
physiological
reactivity
SCRs,
but
not
ratings,
reduced
CS+/CS-
discrimination
during
both
phases,
mainly
driven
attenuated
CS+
responding.
The
latter
evident
across
different
operationalizations
‘exposure’
theories.
None
tested
clear
explanatory
superiority.
Notably,
remarkably
pattern
increased
responding
CS-
reported
literature
for
anxiety
patients,
suggesting
that
individuals
may
specific
sub-sample.
We
highlight
linking
(vulnerability
to)
psychopathology
need
refinement.
