The Types of Retinal Ganglion Cells: Current Status and Implications for Neuronal Classification

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 38(1), С. 221 - 246

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2015

In the retina, photoreceptors pass visual information to interneurons, which process it and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axons of RGCs then travel through optic nerve, telling rest brain all will ever know about world. Research over past several decades has made clear that most are not merely light detectors, but rather feature send a diverse set parallel, highly processed images world on higher centers. Here, we review progress in classification by physiological, morphological, molecular criteria, making particular effort distinguish those cell types definitive from for is partial. We focus mouse, genetic methods advanced. argue there around 30 RGC can now account well half RGCs. also use examine general problem neuronal classification, arguing insights retina guide enterprise other regions.

Язык: Английский

---

Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior

Neuron, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 104(2), С. 205 - 226

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2019

Язык: Английский

---

Restoring the ON Switch in Blind Retinas: Opto-mGluR6, a Next-Generation, Cell-Tailored Optogenetic Tool

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 13(5), С. e1002143 - e1002143

Опубликована: Май 7, 2015

Photoreceptor degeneration is one of the most prevalent causes blindness. Despite photoreceptor loss, inner retina and central visual pathways remain intact over an extended time period, which has led to creative optogenetic approaches restore light sensitivity in surviving retina. The major drawbacks all tools recently developed tested mouse models are their low lack physiological compatibility. Here we introduce a next-generation tool, Opto-mGluR6, designed for retinal ON-bipolar cells, overcomes these limitations. We show that chimeric protein consisting intracellular domains cell–specific metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 light-sensing melanopsin, reliably recovers vision at retinal, cortical, behavioral levels under moderate daylight illumination.

Язык: Английский

---

Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 38(3), С. 217 - 245

Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2018

Abstract Purpose Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases in myopia prevalence, robust biologically‐based clinical therapies to normalize refractive development childhood needed. Here, we review classic contemporary literature about how circadian biology might provide clues develop a framework improve understanding of etiology, possibly lead rational approaches ameliorate errors developing children. Recent findings Increasing evidence implicates diurnal rhythms error development. In both humans animals, ocular length other anatomical physiological features undergo oscillations. Systemically, such primarily generated by ‘master clock’ surpachiasmatic nucleus, which receives input from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ip RGC s) through activation photopigment melanopsin. The retina also has an endogenous clock. laboratory animals experimental myopia, oscillations parameters perturbed. Retinal signaling is now believed influence development; dopamine, important neurotransmitter found retina, not only entrains intrinsic light:dark cycle, but it modulates Circadian clocks comprise transcription/translation feedback control mechanism utilizing so‐called clock genes that have been associated with ametropias. Contemporary research reviving ideas first proposed nineteenth century light exposures impact refraction As result, properties ambient lighting being investigated areas medical science, dysregulation thought many non‐ocular disorders, likely because patterns modern artificial exert adverse effects on pacemakers. How, or if, contribute known. Summary premise this could be productive area worthy increased investigation, improved therapeutic interventions.

Язык: Английский

---

Spatial distribution and functional integration of displaced retinal ganglion cells

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2025

Abstract The retina contains distinct types of ganglion cells, which form mosaics with cells each type at position the visual field. Displaced retinal (dRGCs) occur cell bodies in inner nuclear layer (INL), and regularly placed RGCs layer. An example mammalian dRGCs are M1-type intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). Little is known, however, about their relationship ipRGCs. We identified mouse ipRGC M1, M2, M4/sONɑ by immunohistochemistry light microscopy. Reconstruction immunolabeled from M1 sONɑ indicated that tiled regular RGC partners. Multi-electrode array recordings revealed conventional receptive fields displaced fit into mosaic counterparts. distribution analysis showed type-specific dRGC patterns followed neither global density all nor local densities corresponding types. displacement INL occurs a type-dependent manner, where positioned to complete Our data suggest serve same functional role within population RGCs.

Язык: Английский

---

Altered proportions of retinal cell types and distinct visual codes in rodents occupying divergent ecological niches

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Vertebrate retinas share a basic blueprint comprising 5 neuronal classes arranged according to common wiring diagram. Yet, vision is aligned with species differences in behavior and ecology, raising the question of how evolution acts on this circuit adjust its computational characteristics. We address that problem by comparing thalamic visual code retinal cell composition closely related occupying different niches: Rhabdomys pumilio, which are day-active murid rodents, nocturnal laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Using high-density electrophysiological recordings, we compare responses at both single-unit population levels thalamus these two species. find achieves higher spatiotemporal resolution through selective expansion information channels characterized non-linear summation. Comparative analysis single-cell transcriptomic atlases reveals difference originates increased relative abundance bipolar ganglion types supporting OFF ON-OFF responses. These findings demonstrate may drive changes neural computation adjusting proportions shared rather than inventing new show power matching physiological recordings study brain.

Язык: Английский

---

Mood, the Circadian System, and Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 40(1), С. 539 - 556

Опубликована: Май 19, 2017

The discovery of a third type photoreceptors in the mammalian retina, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), has had revolutionary impact on chronobiology. We can now properly account for numerous non-vision-related functions light, including its effect circadian system. Here, we give an overview ipRGCs and their function as it relates specifically to mood biological rhythms. Although disruptions have been traditionally hypothesized be mediators light's effects mood, here present alternative model that dispenses with assumptions causality between two phenomena explains regulation by light via another ipRGC-dependent mechanism.

Язык: Английский

---

Melanopsin expressing human retinal ganglion cells: Subtypes, distribution, and intraretinal connectivity

The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 525(8), С. 1934 - 1961

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2017

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin belong to a heterogenic population of RGCs which regulate circadian clock, masking behavior, melatonin suppression, pupillary light reflex, and sleep/wake cycles. The different functions seem be associated subtypes cells. In rodents, subtype classification has function. primate human retina such so far, not been applied. present study using antibodies against N- C-terminal parts melanopsin, confocal microscopy 3D reconstruction immunoreactive (-ir) RGCs, we applied criteria used in mouse on melanopsin-ir RGCs. We identified M1, displaced M2, M4 found two other were named "gigantic M1 (GM1)" (GDM1)." Few M3 no M5 labeled. Total cell counts from one male female revealed that contains 7283 ± 237 (0.63-0.75% total number RGCs). unevenly distributed. Most significant was highest density nasal retina. input AII amacrine directly rod bipolar via ribbon synapses innermost ON layer inner plexiform (IPL) dopaminergic GABAergic processes outermost OFF IPL. characterizes most likely are involved functions.

Язык: Английский

---

Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Subcortical Visual Processing and Behaviors

Annual Review of Vision Science, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 1(1), С. 291 - 328

Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2015

Every aspect of visual perception and behavior is built from the neural activity retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), output neurons eye. Here, we review progress toward understanding many types RGCs that communicate signals to brain, along with subcortical brain regions use those build respond representations outside world. We emphasize recent in mouse genetics, viral circuit tracing, behavioral psychophysics define map various their associated networks. also address questions about homology RGC mice other species including nonhuman primates humans. Finally, propose a framework for typology highlighting relationship between type-specific circuitry processing stations support give rise sight.

Язык: Английский

---

Diverse Cell Types, Circuits, and Mechanisms for Color Vision in the Vertebrate Retina

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(3), С. 1527 - 1573

Опубликована: Май 29, 2019

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light levels, multiple types cone that vary spectral sensitivity, intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells contain photopigment melanopsin. When isolated from its neighbors, a photoreceptor confounds photon flux wavelength so by itself provides no color. The has evolved elaborate color opponent circuitry for extracting comparing activities different broadly tuned parts visible spectrum. We review studies concerning circuit mechanisms mediating range species, tetrachromatic fish diverse cell common dichromatic mammals where opponency is restricted subset specialized circuits. Distinct among mammals, primates have reinvented trichromatic vision using novel strategies incorporate evolution an additional gene into foveal structure supports high-resolution vision. Color absent scotopic levels when only rods are active, but interact signals influence perception mesopic levels. Recent evidence suggests melanopsin-mediated signals, which been identified as substrate setting circadian rhythms, may also perception. consider circuits mediate these interactions. While relatively simple neural computation, it implemented vertebrates not yet fully understood.

Язык: Английский

---