Cortico-basal ganglia plasticity in motor learning

Neuron, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 112(15), С. 2486 - 2502

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Linking Social Cognition to Learning and Memory

Journal of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 40(46), С. 8782 - 8798

Опубликована: Ноя. 11, 2020

Many mammals have evolved to be social creatures. In humans, the ability learn from others' experiences is essential survival; and an early age, individuals are surrounded by a environment that helps them develop variety of skills, such as walking, talking, avoiding danger. Similarly, in rodents, behaviors, food preference, exploration novel contexts, approach, can learned through interaction. Social encounters facilitate new learning help modify preexisting memories throughout lifespan organism. Moreover, buffer stress or effects negative memories, well extinguish maladaptive behaviors. Given importance interactions, there has been increasing work studying applying its concepts wide range fields, including psychotherapy medical sociology. The process learning, neural behavioral mechanisms, also rapidly growing field interest neuroscience. However, term “social learning” loosely applied psychological phenomena, often without clear definition delineations. Therefore, this review gives for specific aspects provides overview previous at circuit, systems, levels, finally, introduces findings on modulation learning. We contextualize processes brain both role hippocampus capacity engrams” brainwide realization experiences. With integration technologies, optogenetics, chemogenetics, calcium imaging, manipulating engrams will likely offer therapeutic target enhance positive buffering inhibit fear-inducing stimuli models anxiety post-traumatic disorder.

Язык: Английский

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Step time asymmetry but not step length asymmetry is adapted to optimize energy cost of split‐belt treadmill walking

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 598(18), С. 4063 - 4078

Опубликована: Июль 14, 2020

The relationship between spatiotemporal gait asymmetry and walking energetics is currently under debate. split-belt treadmill paradigm has been used to study adaptation of parameters in relation energetics, but it remains unclear why people reduce step lengths, prefer times. In this we characterized the effects time length on energy cost during steady-state a at increasing speed-differences. Both optimal preferred increased with greater speed differences, while lengths remained constant nearly symmetric. Preferred asymmetric times were energetically across all speed-difference conditions, was not optimal. findings show that humans will adopt an associated reduction suggest plays dominant role shaping energetic asymmetry.Healthy human symmetric economical; hemiparetic amputee often requires more energy. Consequently, attributed account for added pathological gait. But also possible may be adopted if certain biomechanical neurological constraints locomotor system. Here, assessed how healthy adapted tested hypothesis optimize metabolic cost. Ten healthy, young participants walked three conditions which average belt always 1.25 m s-1 difference belts 0.5 , 1.0 1.5 range values enforced. We found differences With their value coincide lowest However, our results even extensive experience walking. Overall, indicate asymmetry.

Язык: Английский

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Explicit Control of Step Timing During Split-Belt Walking Reveals Interdependent Recalibration of Movements in Space and Time

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 13

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2019

Split-belt treadmills that move the legs at different speeds are thought to update internal representations of environment, such this novel condition generates a new locomotor pattern with distinct spatio-temporal features compared those regular walking. It is unclear degree which recalibration movements in spatial and temporal domains interdependent. In study, we explicitly altered subjects' limb motion either space or time during split-belt walking determine its impact on adaptation other domain. Interestingly, observed motor domain was susceptible altering domain, whereas resilient modifying This non-reciprocal relation suggests hierarchical organization control timing locomotion has an effect position. translational interest because clinical populations often have greater deficit one other. Our results suggest explicit changes deficits cannot occur without limb.

Язык: Английский

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Does the cerebellum shape the spatiotemporal organization of muscle patterns? Insights from subjects with cerebellar ataxias

Journal of Neurophysiology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 123(5), С. 1691 - 1710

Опубликована: Март 11, 2020

The role of the cerebellum in motor control has been investigated extensively, but its contribution to muscle pattern organization underlying goal-directed movements is still not fully understood. Muscle synergies may be used characterize multimuscle irrespective time (spatial synergies), muscles (temporal and both across (spatiotemporal synergies). decomposition patterns as combinations different types offers possibility identify specific changes due neurological lesions. In this study, we recorded electromyographic activity from 13 shoulder arm subjects with cerebellar ataxias (CA) age-matched healthy (HS) while they performed reaching multiple directions. We assessed whether damage affects by extracting each HS using these reconstruct all other participants. found that CA could accurately captured only spatial HS. contrast, there were significant differences reconstruction R2 values for spatiotemporal temporal synergies, an interaction between two synergy indicating a larger difference synergies. Moreover, quality correlated severity impairment. These results indicate organization, patterns, suggesting plays key shaping their organization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY recent studies, revealed modular commands. show, first time, share controls spatial, spatiotemporal, modules. subject's suggest patterns.

Язык: Английский

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