A neural mechanism for learning from delayed postingestive feedback

Nature, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 2, 2025

Animals learn the value of foods on basis their postingestive effects and thereby develop aversions to that are toxic1-10 preferences those nutritious11-13. However, it remains unclear how brain is able assign credit flavours experienced during a meal with feedback signals can arise after substantial delay. Here we reveal an unexpected role for reactivation neural flavour representations in this temporal credit-assignment process. To begin, leverage fact mice associate novel14,15, but not familiar, delayed gastrointestinal malaise investigate represents support aversive learning. Analyses brain-wide activation patterns network amygdala regions unique being preferentially activated by novel across every stage learning (consumption, memory retrieval). By combining high-density recordings optogenetic stimulation malaise-coding hindbrain neurons, show selectively reactivate from recent meal. The degree malaise-driven individual neurons predicts strengthening responses upon retrieval, which turn leads stabilization population-level representation recently consumed flavour. contrast, degrade absence consequences. Thus, demonstrate plasticity may feedback.

Язык: Английский

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Rhodopsins at a glance

Journal of Cell Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 134(22)

Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2021

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical transmembrane architecture that contains retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first discovered in the animal retina 1876, but different type rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, reported to be present cell an extreme halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum, 95 years later. Although these findings were made by physiological observation pigmented tissue and bodies, recent progress genomic metagenomic analyses has revealed there more than 10,000 microbial rhodopsins 9000 with large diversity tremendous new functionality. In this Cell Science at Glance article accompanying poster, we provide overview functions, structures, color discrimination mechanisms optogenetic applications two rhodopsin families, will also highlight third distinctive family, heliorhodopsin.

Язык: Английский

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Advancing respiratory–cardiovascular physiology with the working heart–brainstem preparation over 25 years

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 600(9), С. 2049 - 2075

Опубликована: Март 16, 2022

Abstract Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem (WHBP) was introduced with claim it would provide platform allowing studies not possible before in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, autonomic and respiratory research. Herein, we review some of progress made WHBP, advantages disadvantages along potential future applications, photographs technical drawings all customised equipment used for preparation. Using mice or rats, WHBP is an situ experimental model that perfused via extracorporeal circuit benefitting from unprecedented surgical access, mechanical stability brain whole cell recording uncompromised use pharmacological agents akin to vitro approaches. The has revealed novel mechanistic insights into, example, generation distinct rhythms, neurogenesis sympathetic activity, coupling between respiration heart circulation, hypothalamic spinal control mechanisms, peripheral central chemoreceptor mechanisms. Insights have been gleaned into diseases such as hypertension, failure sleep apnoea. Findings ratified conscious vivo animals when tested translated humans. We conclude by discussing applications including two‐photon imaging nervous systems adoption pharmacogenetic tools will improve our understanding mechanisms reveal may guide treatment strategies cardiorespiratory diseases. image

Язык: Английский

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Neurophotonic Tools for Microscopic Measurements and Manipulation: Status Report

Neurophotonics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(S1)

Опубликована: Апрель 27, 2022

Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of BRAIN Initiative focused on development technologies for advancement neuroscience. For last seven years, Neurophotonics' agenda has been well aligned this focus neurotechnologies featuring new optical methods and tools applicable to brain studies. While 2.0 is pivoting towards applications these novel quest understand brain, article we review an extensive diverse toolkit explore function that have emerged from related large-scale efforts measurement manipulation structure function. Here, neurophotonic mostly animal A companion article, scheduled appear later year, will cover diffuse imaging noninvasive human each domain, outline current state-of-the-art respective technologies, identify areas where innovation needed provide outlook future directions.

Язык: Английский

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Dual Behavior Regulation: Tether‐Free Deep‐Brain Stimulation by Photothermal and Upconversion Hybrid Nanoparticles

Advanced Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 35(21)

Опубликована: Март 3, 2023

Optogenetics has been plagued by invasive brain implants and thermal effects during photo-modulation. Here, two upconversion hybrid nanoparticles modified with photothermal agents, named PT-UCNP-B/G, which can modulate neuronal activities via photostimulation thermo-stimulation under near-infrared laser irradiation at 980 nm 808 nm, respectively, are demonstrated. PT-UCNP-B/G emits visible light (410-500 or 500-570 nm) through the process while they exhibit efficient effect no emission tissue damage. Intriguingly, PT-UCNP-B significantly activates extracellular sodium currents in neuro2a cells expressing light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) ion channels 980-nm irradiation, inhibits potassium human embryonic kidney 293 voltage-gated (KCNQ1) 808-nm vitro. Furthermore, deep-brain bidirectional modulation of feeding behavior is achieved tether-free illumination (0.8 W cm-2 ) mice stereotactically injected ChR2-expressing lateral hypothalamus region. Thus, creates new possibility utilizing both heat to neural provides a viable strategy overcome limits optogenetics.

Язык: Английский

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