Optics Express,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
32(27), С. 48772 - 48772
Опубликована: Ноя. 6, 2024
Optical
neural
implants
allow
neuroscientists
to
access
deep
brain
regions,
enabling
decipher
complex
patterns
of
activity.
In
this
field,
the
use
optical
fibers
is
rapidly
increasing,
and
ability
generate
high-quality
metal
on
their
non-planar
surface
would
further
extend
application.
Here,
we
propose
alternating
shielding
dielectric
confinement
engineer
mode-division
properties
tapered
fiber
implants.
This
accomplished
through
an
unconventional
application
two-photon
lithography
(TPL),
which
employs
a
low-numerical
aperture
objective
pattern
extensive
waveguide
sections
at
both
low
high
curvature
radii.
The
low-NA
TPL
used
polymerize
mask
photoresist,
while
rest
taper
undergoes
wet
etching.
implies
no
direct
destructive
interaction
between
laser
beam
be
removed,
preserving
coating.
advantages
provided
by
presented
fabrication
method,
combined
with
intrinsic
modal
waveguide,
enable
engineering
light
guiding
mechanisms,
achieving
depth-selective
delivery
extinction
ratio.
device's
emission
collection
were
investigated
in
quasi-transparent
media
highly
scattering
slices,
finding
that
our
proposed
method
facilitates
360°
symmetric
around
dielectric-confined
section
depth
resolution.
opens
perspective
for
realization
can
interface
implant
axis
all-around,
also
applied
other
types
surfaces.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2024
Abstract
Machine
learning
research
has
achieved
large
performance
gains
on
a
wide
range
of
tasks
by
expanding
the
target
from
mean
rewards
to
entire
probability
distributions
—
an
approach
known
as
distributional
reinforcement
(RL)
1
.
The
mesolimbic
dopamine
system
is
thought
underlie
RL
in
mammalian
brain
updating
representation
value
striatum
2,3
,
but
little
about
whether,
where,
and
how
neurons
this
circuit
encode
information
higher-order
moments
reward
4
To
fill
gap,
we
used
high-density
probes
(Neuropixels)
acutely
record
striatal
activity
well-trained,
water-restricted
mice
performing
classical
conditioning
task
which
mean,
variance,
stimulus
identity
were
independently
manipulated.
In
contrast
traditional
accounts,
found
robust
evidence
for
abstract
encoding
variance
striatum.
Remarkably,
chronic
ablation
inputs
disorganized
these
representations
without
interfering
with
coding.
Two-photon
calcium
imaging
optogenetics
revealed
that
two
major
classes
medium
spiny
D1
D2
MSNs
contributed
code
preferentially
right
left
tails
distribution,
respectively.
We
synthesize
findings
into
new
model
harnesses
opponency
between
5–15
reap
computational
benefits
RL.
The Neuroscientist,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2025
Interneurons
(INs)
play
a
crucial
role
in
the
regulation
of
neural
activity
within
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mPFC),
brain
region
critically
involved
executive
functions
and
behavioral
control.
In
recent
preclinical
studies,
dysregulation
INs
mPFC
has
been
implicated
pathophysiology
substance
use
disorder,
characterized
by
vulnerability
to
chronic
drug
use.
Here,
we
explore
diversity
their
connectivity
roles
addiction.
We
also
discuss
how
these
change
over
time
with
exposure.
Finally,
focus
on
noninvasive
stimulation
as
therapeutic
approach
for
targeting
highlighting
its
potential
restore
circuits.
Optogenetics
opened
the
door
to
a
new
era
of
neuroscience.
New
optical
developments
are
under
way
enable
high-resolution
neuronal
activity
imaging
and
selective
photostimulation
ensembles
in
freely
moving
animals.
These
advancements
could
allow
researchers
interrogate,
with
cellular
precision,
functionally
relevant
circuits
framework
naturalistic
brain
activity.
We
provide
an
overview
current
state-of-the-art
rodents
present
road
map
for
future
engineering
toward
miniaturized
microscopes
that
reach
beyond
currently
existing
systems.
