NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup

EMBO Reports, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(10)

Опубликована: Авг. 21, 2023

Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens mount an response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by the nucleotide binding leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum reaction, usually accompanied form programmed cell death termed hypersensitive Some plant act as multifunctional singleton which combine detection signaling. However, can also function in higher order pairs networks functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover basic aspects NLR biology with emphasis on networks. We highlight some recent advances structure, function, activation discuss emerging topics such modulator NLRs, suppression bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches required disentangle how these receptor evolve. Answering questions holds potential deepen our understanding system unlock new era disease resistance breeding.

Язык: Английский

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PTI‐ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity

Plant Biotechnology Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22(8), С. 2113 - 2128

Опубликована: Март 12, 2024

Summary Plants face a relentless onslaught from diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved myriad strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line defence plants, known as pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI), imparts baseline level disease resistance. Inside host cells, effectors are sensed by nucleotide‐binding/leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) receptors, then activate second defence: effector‐triggered (ETI), offering more potent and enduring mechanism. Moreover, PTI ETI collaborate synergistically bolster resistance collectively trigger cascade downstream responses. This article provides comprehensive review plant responses, an overview stepwise activation interactions between PTI‐ETI synergistic signal transduction.

Язык: Английский

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The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later

Immunity, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 57(4), С. 613 - 631

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

SummaryWhile largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding immunology. Innate provides first barrier infection in vertebrates, and it is sole mechanism host defense invertebrates plants. also plays a critical role maintaining homeostasis, shaping microbiota, disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, aging. The emergence field has led an expanded view system, no longer restricted vertebrates instead concerns all metazoans, plants, even prokaryotes. study given rise new concepts language. Here, we review history definition core immunity, discussing their value fruitfulness long run.

Язык: Английский

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Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 36(5), С. 1465 - 1481

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2024

Abstract Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture ecological biodiversity. Plants possess sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting responding pathogen infection prevent disease. Our understanding this has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions plant disease resistance virulence were embodied in gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses cells tissues. Molecular these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model involving cell surface intracellular detection specific molecules proteins culminating induction various cellular responses. Extracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence for integration pathways interdependent networks controlling outcomes. Many molecular details recognition known, providing opportunities bioengineering enhance protection from Here we provide overview current main principles immunity, emphasis key scientific milestones leading insights.

Язык: Английский

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Natural variation in the pattern‐triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications

Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(3)

Опубликована: Март 1, 2024

Abstract The pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by recognition of microbe‐derived molecules known as microbe‐ or pathogen‐associated molecular patterns derived from compromised host cells called damage‐associated patterns. Membrane‐localized receptor proteins, pattern receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much machinery PTI conserved, natural variation exists within and across species with respect to components recognition, activation response, strength induced. This review describes what about variation. We discuss how in can be measured knowledge might utilized control disease developing varieties enhanced resistance.

Язык: Английский

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Unlocking Nature's Defense: Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors as Guardians Against Pathogenic Threats

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 37(2), С. 73 - 83

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024

Embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells, receptor kinases (RKs) and proteins (RPs) act as key sentinels, responsible for detecting potential pathogenic invaders. These were originally characterized more than three decades ago disease resistance (R) proteins, a concept that was formulated based on Harold Flor's gene-for-gene theory. This theory implies genetic interaction between specific R corresponding effectors, eliciting effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Over years, extensive research has unraveled their intricate roles pathogen sensing immune response modulation. RKs RPs recognize molecular patterns from microbes well dangers cells initiating pattern-triggered (PTI) danger-triggered (DTI), which have connections with ETI. Moreover, these are involved maintaining homeostasis preventing autoimmunity. review showcases seminal studies discovering discusses recent advances understanding functions signals cell integrity autoimmunity, ultimately contributing to robust balanced defense response. [Formula: see text] The author(s) dedicated work public domain under Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all his or her rights worldwide copyright law, including related neighboring rights, extent allowed 2024.

Язык: Английский

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Progress in Plant Nitric Oxide Studies: Implications for Phytopathology and Plant Protection

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(5), С. 2087 - 2087

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2025

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical known to modulate plant metabolism through crosstalk with phytohormones (especially ABA, SA, JA, and ethylene) other signaling molecules (ROS, H2S, melatonin), regulate gene expression (by influencing DNA methylation histone acetylation) as well protein function post-translational modifications (cysteine S-nitrosation, metal nitrosation, tyrosine nitration, nitroalkylation). Recently, NO has gained attention molecule promoting crop resistance stress conditions. Herein, we review innovations from the field nanotechnology on an up-to-date phytopathological background.

Язык: Английский

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Synthesis and role of nanoparticles as immunomodulators against plant biotic stress: Insights into Fusarium wilt management.

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 102658 - 102658

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Role of abscisic acid‐mediated stomatal closure in responses to pathogens in plants

Physiologia Plantarum, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 176(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Abstract In terrestrial plants, stomata in the leaf epidermis formed by guard cells are major pathways for gas exchange. However, opened also provide a channel pathogen entry. At pre‐invasive stage, plants actively close to prevent attack, which is termed stomatal immunity, and plant hormones involved this process. Here, we summarize recent advances role of abscisic acid (ABA) promoting immunity Additionally, salicylic shares common downstream elements with ABA promote whereas reactive oxygen species Ca 2+ act as critical signals cross‐talk signalling regulate movement, they enhance effect immunity. On other hand, at post‐invasive closed create water‐soaked environment that allows multiplication, hijacked pathogens reduce aperture. propose model dual roles ABA‐mediated closure during plant‐pathogen interaction offer emerging consequences questions

Язык: Английский

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Phytoalexin gene regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana – On the verge of a paradigm shift?

Current Plant Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 39, С. 100367 - 100367

Опубликована: Июнь 30, 2024

Phytoalexins are plant-specialized metabolites that biosynthesized de novo in response to pathogens. Their biosynthesis is highly diverse, with different plant lineages biosynthesizing unique molecules. A common notion individual species produce one type of phytoalexin molecule. Arabidopsis well known an indole alkaloid phytoalexin, named camalexin, as important component its defense against microbial However, studies collectively demonstrate produces a diverse array molecules from branches primary and specialized metabolism. The signaling proteins stimulate synthesis conserved plants, yet each transcription factor they converge upon has been reported regulate the specific class metabolite. We have conducted this review because recent demonstrated homologs factors dissimilar biosynthetic pathways other species. These findings challenge paradigm role regulating Here, we Arabidopsis, them, discoveries on their regulatory mechanisms. discuss crop suggest WRKY33, ERF1, ANAC042, MYB15, MYB72, protein JAZ1, part 'core' network conserved, regulates distinct lineages. Finally, highlight questions raised by that, once solved, will provide major advances our understanding evolution biochemical defenses plants. Recent evidence demonstrates these can be manipulated enhance production pathogen resistance

Язык: Английский

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