The Role of Exosomes and Their Applications in Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(22), С. 12204 - 12204

Опубликована: Ноя. 11, 2021

Exosomes are very small extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple cell types and extensively distributed in various biological fluids. Recent research indicated that exosomes can participate regulating the tumor microenvironment impacting proliferation progression. Due to extensive enrollment cancer development, have become a focus of search for new therapeutic method cancer. be utilized delivery molecules, proteins RNAs target cells with high efficiency. Exosome-carried proteins, lipids nucleic acids being tested as promising biomarkers diagnosis prognosis, even potential treatment targets Moreover, different sources exhibit performances applications. In this review, we elaborate on specific mechanism which affect communication between tumors state diagnostic applications cancers.

Язык: Английский

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Promising applications of human-derived saliva biomarker testing in clinical diagnostics

International Journal of Oral Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2023

Abstract Saliva testing is a vital method for clinical applications, its noninvasive features, richness in substances, and the huge amount. Due to direct anatomical connection with oral, digestive, endocrine systems, usage of saliva these diseases promising. Furthermore, other that seeming have no correlations saliva, such as neurodegenerative psychological diseases, researchers also reckon informative. Tremendous papers are being produced this field. Updated summaries recent literature give newcomers shortcut grasp topic. Here, we focused on research about biomarkers derived from humans, not organisms. The review mostly addresses proceedings 2016 2022, shed light promising diagnostics. We recap advances following category different types biomarkers, intracellular DNA, RNA, proteins intercellular exosomes, cell-free comprehensive impression biomarker testing.

Язык: Английский

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Innate immunity of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to two-wave inflammation in atherosclerosis, twin-peak inflammation in aortic aneurysms and trans-differentiation potential into 25 cell types

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2024

Introduction Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in medial layer of aorta, which plays a critical role aortic diseases. Innate immunity is main driving force for cardiovascular Methods To determine roles innate VSMC and pathologies, we performed transcriptome analyses on aortas from ApoE –/– angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced aneurysm (AAA) time course, atherosclerosis as well VSMCs stimulated with danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Results We made significant findings: 1) 95% 45% upregulated immune pathways (UIIPs, based data 1226 genes) Ang II-induced AAA at 7 days were different that 14 28 days, respectively; showed twin peaks UIIPs major peak minor days; 2) all 6 weeks 32 78 (two waves); 3) additional 12 lists immune-related genes 1325 cytokine chemokine genes, 2022 plasma membrane protein 373 clusters differentiation (CD) marker 280 nuclear 1425 nucleoli 6750 nucleoplasm 1496 transcription factors (TFs) including 15 pioneer TFs, 164 histone modification enzymes, 102 oxidative death 68 necrotic 47 efferocytosis confirmed two-wave inflammation twin-peak AAA; 4) DAMPs-stimulated judged by upregulation lists; 5) increased trans-differentiation potential upregulating not only some 82 markers VSMC-plastic types, fibroblast, osteogenic, myofibroblast, macrophage, adipocyte, foam cell, mesenchymal but also 18 new types (out 79 human 8065 markers); 6) analysis gene deficient transcriptomes indicated antioxidant factor NRF2 suppresses, however, other five inflammatory master regulators, AHR, NF-KB, NOX (ROS enzyme), PERK, SET7 promote twelve atherosclerosis, AAA, DAMP-stimulated VSMCs; 7) both trained tolerance-promoting metabolite itaconate contributed to cytokines AAA. Discussion Our findings have provided novel insights responses stresses development immunology therapeutic targets treating those cerebrovascular

Язык: Английский

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Trained Immunity and Reactivity of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 41(3), С. 1032 - 1046

Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2020

Innate immune cells can develop exacerbated immunologic response and long-term inflammatory phenotype following brief exposure to endogenous or exogenous insults, which leads an altered towards a second challenge after the return nonactivated state. This phenomenon is known as trained immunity (TI). TI not only important for host defense vaccine but also chronic inflammations such cardiovascular metabolic diseases atherosclerosis. occur in innate monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, endothelial (ECs), nonimmune fibroblast. In this review, we analyze significance of ECs, are considered addition macrophages. be induced by variety stimuli, including lipopolysaccharides, BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), defined risk factors diseases. Furthermore, ECs functional inflammation effectiveness transition inflammation. Rewiring cellular metabolism takes place during induction TI, increased glycolysis, glutaminolysis, accumulation tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites acetyl-coenzyme A production, well mevalonate synthesis. Subsequently, epigenetic remodeling, resulting changes chromatin architecture that enables gene transcription enhanced proinflammatory response. However, pathways separated ensure memory stays when undergoes resolution. Additionally, reactive oxygen species play context-dependent roles TI. Therefore, plays significant EC macrophage pathology further characterization macrophages would provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis new therapeutic targets. Graphic Abstract: graphic abstract available article.

Язык: Английский

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Endothelial Immunity Trained by Coronavirus Infections, DAMP Stimulations and Regulated by Anti-Oxidant NRF2 May Contribute to Inflammations, Myelopoiesis, COVID-19 Cytokine Storms and Thromboembolism

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2021

To characterize transcriptomic changes in endothelial cells (ECs) infected by coronaviruses, and stimulated DAMPs, the expressions of 1311 innate immune regulatomic genes (IGs) were examined 28 EC microarray datasets with 7 monocyte as controls. We made following findings: The majority IGs are upregulated first 12 hours post-infection (PI), maintained until 48 PI human microvascular middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (an model for COVID-19). modulated 21 various PAMPs/DAMPs, including LPS, LPC, shear stress, hyperlipidemia oxLDL. Upregulation many such nucleic acid sensors shared between ECs MERS-CoV those PAMPs DAMPs. Human heart mouse aortic express all four types coronavirus receptors ANPEP, CEACAM1, ACE2, DPP4 virus entry facilitator TMPRSS2 (heart EC); most replication-transcription protein complexes expressed HMEC, which contribute to viremia, thromboembolism, cardiovascular comorbidities COVID-19. have novel trained immunity (TI), subsequent inflammation is enhanced. Upregulated proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL6, CSF1 CSF3 TI marker IL-32 well metabolic enzymes epigenetic indicate function HMEC MERS-CoV, may drive cytokine storms. demonstrate a promoting myelopoiesis. Mechanistically, ER stress ROS, together decreased mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes, facilitate response TI. Additionally, an increase regulators mitotic catastrophe cell death, apoptosis, ferroptosis, inflammasomes-driven pyroptosis upregulation pro-thrombogenic factors thromboembolism potential. Finally, NRF2-suppressed ROS regulate responses, TI, thrombosis, death. These results provide insights on roles infections COVID-19, diseases (CVD), inflammation, transplantation, autoimmune disease cancers.

Язык: Английский

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Exosomes in brain diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

MedComm, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 4(3)

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2023

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of about 100 nm that naturally secreted by cells into body fluids. They derived from endosomes and wrapped in lipid membranes. involved intracellular metabolism intercellular communication. contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites the cell microenvironment cytoplasm. The contents exosomes can reflect their cells' origin allow observation tissue changes states under disease conditions. Naturally have specific biomolecules act as "fingerprint" parent cells, changed pathological conditions be used biomarkers for diagnosis. low immunogenicity, small size, cross blood-brain barrier. These characteristics make unique engineering carriers. incorporate therapeutic drugs achieve targeted drug delivery. carriers therapy still infancy, but exosome provides a new perspective cell-free therapy. This review discussed relationship occurrence treatment some neuropsychiatric diseases. In addition, future applications diagnosis disorders were evaluated this review.

Язык: Английский

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Radical oxygen species: an important breakthrough point for botanical drugs to regulate oxidative stress and treat the disorder of glycolipid metabolism

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Май 12, 2023

Background: The incidence of glycolipid metabolic diseases is extremely high worldwide, which greatly hinders people’s life expectancy and patients’ quality life. Oxidative stress (OS) aggravates the development in metabolism. Radical oxygen species (ROS) a key factor signal transduction OS, can regulate cell apoptosis contribute to inflammation. Currently, chemotherapies are main method treat disorders metabolism, but this lead drug resistance damage normal organs. Botanical drugs an important source new drugs. They widely found nature with availability, practicality, low cost. There increasing evidence that herbal medicine has definite therapeutic effects on diseases. Objective: This study aims provide valuable for treatment botanical from perspective ROS regulation by further promote effective clinical Methods: Using herb*, plant medicine, Chinese phytochemicals, natural phytomedicine, extract, drug, ROS, free radicals, radical, oxidizing agent, glucose lipid saccharometabolism, glycometabolism, blood glucose, lipoprotein, triglyceride, fatty liver, atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, dysglycemia, NAFLD, DM as keywords or subject terms, relevant literature was retrieved Web Science PubMed databases 2013 2022 summarized. Results: regulating mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein B (AKT), erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf-2), nuclear κB (NF-κB), other signaling pathways improve OS glucolipid Conclusion: multi-mechanism multifaceted. Both studies animal experiments have demonstrated effectiveness ROS. However, safety need be improved, more needed support application

Язык: Английский

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Exosome-transmitted circCABIN1 promotes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma via sustaining ErbB downstream signaling

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2023

Abstract Although temozolomide (TMZ) provides significant clinical benefit for glioblastoma (GBM), responses are limited by the emergence of acquired resistance. Here, we demonstrate that exosomal circCABIN1 secreted from TMZ-resistant cells was packaged into exosomes and then disseminated TMZ resistance receipt cells. CircCABIN1 could be cyclized eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3) is highly expressed in GBM tissues glioma stem (GSCs). required self-renewal maintenance GSCs to initiate Mechanistically, regulated expression olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) sponging miR-637. Moreover, upregulation OLFML3 activating ErbB signaling pathway ultimately contributing stemness reprogramming Treatment orthotopic mice xenografts with engineered targeting provided prominent targetability had significantly improved antitumor activity TMZ. In summary, our work proposed a novel mechanism drug transmission evidence promising tool cancer prevention therapy. Graphical

Язык: Английский

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Comprehensive review for non-coding RNAs: From mechanisms to therapeutic applications

Biochemical Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 224, С. 116218 - 116218

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2024

Язык: Английский

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A Review: The Significance of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4, and NF-κB Signaling in Endothelial Cells during Atherosclerosis

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 29(4)

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2024

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease that begins with endothelial activation followed by series of responses, plaque formation, and finally rupture. An early event in dysfunction the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling axis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) cells (ECs) play an essential role recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated (DAMPs), lifestyle-associated (LAMPs). Activation canonical NF-κB pathway stimulates expression cytokines, chemokines, array additional genes which activate amplify AS-associated responses. In this review, we discuss involvement TLR2/4 ECs during AS initiation, as well regulation response noncoding RNAs, especially microRNA (miRNA) circular RNA (circRNA).

Язык: Английский

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