Reconstruction of neocortex: Organelles, compartments, cells, circuits, and activity

Cell, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 185(6), С. 1082 - 1100.e24

Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2022

Язык: Английский

---

Ultrastructural view of astrocyte arborization, astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-synapse contacts, intracellular vesicle-like structures, and mitochondrial network

Progress in Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 213, С. 102264 - 102264

Опубликована: Март 11, 2022

Язык: Английский

---

Astrocyte morphology

Trends in Cell Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 34(7), С. 547 - 565

Опубликована: Окт. 26, 2023

Astrocytes are predominant glial cells that tile the central nervous system (CNS). A cardinal feature of astrocytes is their complex and visually enchanting morphology, referred to as bushy, spongy, star-like. precept this review such morphological shapes evolved allow contact signal with diverse at a range distances in order sample, regulate, contribute extracellular milieu, thus participate widely cell–cell signaling during physiology disease. The recent use improved imaging methods cell-specific molecular evaluations has revealed new information on structural organization underpinnings astrocyte mechanisms morphogenesis, contributions disease states reduced morphology. These insights have reignited interest complexity cornerstone fundamental biology critical substrate for multicellular spatial physiological interactions CNS.

Язык: Английский

---

Neuroglial decline defines cognitive ageing

Ageing & Longevity, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 1.2025, С. 6 - 21

Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2025

Neuroglia of the central nervous system, represented by astroglia, oligodendroglia and microglia, are fundamental for life-long support homeostasis, plasticity defence neural tissue. In particular neuroglial cells contribute to cognitive reserve, which defines neurological outcome both physiological pathological ageing. Physiological ageing is accompanied with structural functional decline neuroglia. particular, astrocytes undergo morphological atrophy asthenia compromises their vital functions such as glutamate clearance, K+ buffering synaptic support. Old oligodendrocytes lose myelination capacity, results in thinning myelin sheath white matter. Finally, associated accumulation dystrophic microglia limits neuroprotection. Age-dependent impedes contributes impairment, increases vulnerability system neurodegeneration. Life style changes positively impact on structure function this improving longevity. Keywords: ageing; longevity; neuroglia, oligodendroglia; oligodendroglial precursor cells;

Язык: Английский

---

Brain Ultrastructure: Putting the Pieces Together

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 9

Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2021

Unraveling the fine structure of brain is important to provide a better understanding its normal and abnormal functioning. Application high-resolution electron microscopic techniques gives us an unprecedented opportunity discern details parenchyma at nanoscale resolution, although identifying different cell types their unique features in two-dimensional, or three-dimensional images, remains challenge even experts field. This article provides insights into how identify central nervous system, based on nuclear cytoplasmic features, amongst other characteristics. From basic distinction between neurons supporting cells, glia, differences subcellular compartments, organelles interactions, ultrastructural analyses can changes function during aging disease conditions, such as stroke, neurodegeneration, infection trauma. Brain composed dense mixture neuronal glial bodies, together with intertwined processes. Intracellular components that vary become altered disease, relate nucleoplasmic density, heterochromatin pattern, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex, lysosomes, neurosecretory vesicles, cytoskeletal elements (actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules). Applying immunolabeling visualize membrane-bound intracellular proteins cells appreciation subtle these across contexts health disease. Together, our observations reveal simple be used specific types, status, functional relationships brain.

Язык: Английский

---

Calcium Signals in Astrocyte Microdomains, a Decade of Great Advances

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 15

Опубликована: Июнь 7, 2021

The glial cells astrocytes have long been recognized as important neuron-supporting elements in brain development, homeostasis, and metabolism. After the discovery that reciprocal communication between neurons is a fundamental mechanism modulation of neuronal synaptic communication, over last two decades became hot topic neuroscience research. Crucial to their functional interactions with are cytosolic Ca 2+ elevations mediate gliotransmission. Large attention has posed so-called microdomains, dynamic changes spatially restricted fine astrocytic processes including perisynaptic (PAPs). With presynaptic terminals postsynaptic membranes, PAPs compose tripartite synapse. distinct spatial-temporal features roles astrocyte microdomain activity remain poorly defined. However, thanks development genetically encoded indicators (GECIs), advanced microscopy techniques, innovative analytical approaches, transients microdomains were recently studied unprecedented detail. These events observed occur much more frequently (∼50–100-fold) dynamically than somatic mechanisms likely involve both IP 3 -dependent -independent pathways. Further progress aimed clarify complex, machinery responsible for at crucial step our understanding role function may also reveal novel therapeutic targets different diseases. Here, we review most recent studies improve mechanistic essential microdomains.

Язык: Английский

---

Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions

Glia, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 69(4), С. 817 - 841

Опубликована: Окт. 15, 2020

Astrocytes are the most numerous type of neuroglia in brain and have a predominant influence on cerebrovascular system; they control perivascular homeostasis, integrity blood-brain barrier, dialogue with peripheral immune system, transfer metabolites from blood, blood vessel contractility response to neuronal activity. These regulatory processes occur specialized interface composed astrocyte extensions that almost completely cover cerebral vessels. Scientists only recently started study how this is formed it influences functions. Here, we review literature astrocytes' role regulation system. We anatomy development gliovascular interface, known functions, molecular factors, latter's implication certain pathophysiological situations, recent cutting-edge experimental tools developed examine at vascular interface. Finally, highlight some open questions field research.

Язык: Английский

---

Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: A story of microglial remodeling

Neurochemistry International, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 145, С. 104987 - 104987

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2021

Язык: Английский

---

Astrocyte-neuron crosstalk through Hedgehog signaling mediates cortical synapse development

Cell Reports, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 38(8), С. 110416 - 110416

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2022

Neuron-glia interactions play a critical role in the regulation of synapse formation and circuit assembly. Here we demonstrate that canonical Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway signaling cortical astrocytes acts to coordinate layer-specific synaptic connectivity. We show Shh receptor Ptch1 is expressed by during development necessary sufficient promote expression genes involved regulating layer-enriched astrocyte molecular identity. Loss layer V neurons reduces complexity coverage astrocytic processes tripartite synapses; conversely, cell-autonomous activation promotes excitatory formation. Furthermore, Shh-dependent Lrig1 Sparc distinctively contribute morphology Together, these results suggest secreted from deep-layer specialize functional features shape assembly function.

Язык: Английский

---

Emerging evidence for astrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia

Glia, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 70(9), С. 1585 - 1604

Опубликована: Май 30, 2022

Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder whose heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background influences early brain development, precise etiology still poorly understood. not characterized by gross pathology, but involves subtle pathological changes in neuronal populations glial cells. Among the latter, astrocytes critically contribute to regulation of neurodevelopmental processes, any dysfunctions their morphological functional maturation may lead aberrant processes involved pathogenesis schizophrenia, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, synaptogenesis, glutamatergic dopaminergic transmission. Studies mechanisms regulating astrocyte therefore improve our understanding cellular molecular underlying schizophrenia.

Язык: Английский

---