Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health

Nanomaterials, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(2), С. 496 - 496

Опубликована: Фев. 16, 2021

Plastics have enormous impacts to every aspect of daily life including technology, medicine and treatments, domestic appliances. Most the used plastics are thrown away by consumers after a single use, which has become huge environmental problem as they will end up in landfill, oceans other waterways. These discarded vast numbers each day, breaking down from micro- nano-sizes led worries about how toxic these environment humans. While, there several earlier studies reported effects nano-plastics on environment, is scant research into their impact human body at subcellular or molecular levels. In particular, potential move through gut, lungs skin epithelia causing systemic exposure not been examined thoroughly. This review explores thoroughly nanoplastics created, behave/breakdown within levels toxicity pollution nanoplastics, possible health humans, well suggestions for additional research. paper aims inspire future core elements nano-plastics, biological reactions caused specific unusual qualities.

Язык: Английский

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A critical review on the interactions of microplastics with heavy metals: Mechanism and their combined effect on organisms and humans

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 788, С. 147620 - 147620

Опубликована: Май 8, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue

EBioMedicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 82, С. 104147 - 104147

Опубликована: Июль 11, 2022

The contamination of ecosystem compartments by microplastics (MPs) is an ubiquitous problem. MPs have been observed in mice tissues, and recently human blood, stool placenta. However, two aspects remain unclear: whether accumulate peripheral organs, specifically the liver, if liver cirrhosis favours this process. We aimed to examine tissue samples determine liver.This proof-of-concept case series, conducted Germany, Europe, analyzed 6 patients with 5 individuals without underlying disease. A total 17 (11 3 kidney spleen samples) were according final protocol. reliable method for detection MP particles from 4 30 µm was developed. Chemical digestion samples, staining Nile red, subsequent fluorescent microscopy Raman spectroscopy performed. Morphology, size composition polymers assessed.Considering limit detection, all disease tested negative MPs. In contrast, concentrations cirrhotic tissues positive showed significantly higher compared Six different microplastic ranging detected.This series assessed presence found six cirrhosis, but not those Future studies are needed evaluate hepatic accumulation represents a potential cause pathogenesis fibrosis, or consequence portal hypertension.No funding received conducting investigator driven study.

Язык: Английский

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A Review of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Insights Into Microplastics as Obesogens

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Авг. 18, 2021

The ubiquitous exposure of humans to microplastics (MPs) through inhalation particles in air and ingestion dust, water, diet is well established. Humans are estimated ingest tens thousands millions MP annually, or on the order several milligrams daily. Available information suggests that indoor drinking water bottled plastic major sources exposure. Little known occurrence MPs human diet. Evidence accumulating feeding bottles medical devices can contribute newborns infants. Biomonitoring studies stool, fetus, placenta provide direct evidence infants children. <20 µm were reported cross biological membranes. Although plastics once perceived as inert materials, laboratory animals linked various forms inflammation, immunological response, endocrine disruption, alteration lipid energy metabolism, other disorders. Whereas itself a concern, also be additives toxicants. Exposure cell lines such phthalates, bisphenols, organotins causes adverse effects activation nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, β, γ, retinoid X receptor (RXR), leading oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid hormone altered adipogenesis production. size, shape, chemical composition, surface charge, hydrophobicity influence their toxicity. Maternal transfer developing fetus has been demonstrated exposed analysis placenta. In animal studies, maternal metabolism offspring subsequent generations. Moreover, concomitant with global increase production, prevalence overweight obesity populations increased over past five decades, there support hypothesis potential obesogens. Even though exposures toxic from systematic this topic remain urgently needed.

Язык: Английский

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Detection of Various Microplastics in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(30), С. 10911 - 10918

Опубликована: Июль 13, 2023

Microplastics have been detected in human stool, lungs, and placentas, which direct exposure to the external environment through various body cavities, including oral/anal cavity uterine/vaginal cavity. Crucial data on microplastic completely enclosed organs are still lacking. Herein, we used a laser infrared chemical imaging system scanning electron microscopy investigate whether microplastics exist heart its surrounding tissues. Microplastic specimens were collected from 15 cardiac surgery patients, 6 pericardia, epicardial adipose tissues, 11 pericardial 3 myocardia, 5 left atrial appendages, 7 pairs of pre- postoperative venous blood samples. not universally present all tissue samples, but nine types found across five with largest measuring 469 μm diameter. Nine also samples maximum diameter 184 μm, type distribution showed alterations following surgical procedure. Moreover, presence poly(methyl methacrylate) appendage, tissue, cannot be attributed accidental during surgery, providing evidence patients undergoing surgery. Further research is needed examine impact introduction potential effects internal health.

Язык: Английский

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Micro(nano)plastics pollution and human health: How plastics can induce carcinogenesis to humans?

Chemosphere, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 298, С. 134267 - 134267

Опубликована: Март 14, 2022

Язык: Английский

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A review on microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment: Their occurrence, exposure routes, toxic studies, and potential effects on human health

Marine Pollution Bulletin, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 181, С. 113832 - 113832

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics in aquatic environment: Challenges and perspectives

Chemosphere, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 282, С. 131151 - 131151

Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Microplastic diagnostics in humans: “The 3Ps” Progress, problems, and prospects

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 856, С. 159164 - 159164

Опубликована: Окт. 3, 2022

Язык: Английский

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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 89(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Язык: Английский

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