The
adoption
of
livestock
integration
practices
in
sustainable
oil
palm
plantations
(OPP)
is
essential
for
preserving
soil
quality
and
enhancing
the
economic
value
(EV)
associated
with
earthworms,
which
play
a
vital
role
ecosystem
services
(ES).
Therefore,
there
necessity
to
study
presence
earthworms
response
different
weed
management
OPP.
Using
hand
sorting
approach,
explores
abundance
distribution
within
systematic
grazing
(SGP),
free-range
(FGP),
herbicide
(HP).
Additionally,
EV
was
estimated
using
market
price
strategy.
A
two-way
analysis
variance
(ANOVA)
demonstrated
significant
relationship
(P
<0.0001)
between
earthworms'
activities
all
plots.
SGP
showed
notable
448
worms
per
area,
earthworm
activity
distributed
across
layers.
demonstrates
142
adults
306
juveniles
cast
production
(3,266
casts
area)
biomass
(30
ton
over
3
months).
present
(PV)
$108,600
ha-1y-1,
future
(FV)
will
project
at
$168,500
ha-1y-10.
In
FGP,
population
found
be
154
their
measured.
comparison,
HP
exhibited
only
33
area.
results
highlight
critical
through
also
successfully
that
direct
improving
health
time.
By
employing
appropriate
models
conducting
mesoscale
studies.
This
could
help
shed
some
light
on
what
previously
"black
box"
rehabilitation.
CABI Agriculture and Bioscience,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
5(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 31, 2024
Abstract
Background
Cocoa
(
Theobroma
cacao
L.)
is
a
crop
of
huge
economic
significance
worldwide
and
grown
mainly
in
tropical
subtropical
countries.
Currently,
West
Africa
produces
most
the
world's
cocoa.
The
provides
support
to
cocoa-growing
countries,
smallholder
farmers,
chocolate
confectionery
industries.
also
valued
for
its
appealing
flavours
health-promoting
properties
bioactive
phytochemicals
beans,
which
have
received
increased
global
attention
recent
years.
Main
body
cocoa
industry
divided
into
two
sectors:
upstream
(cocoa
bean
production
marketing),
dominated
by
cocoa-producing
downstream
processing
activities
produce
semi-finished
finished
products).
Pests
diseases,
climate
change,
low
soil
fertility,
high
cadmium
levels,
ongoing
Russian-Ukrainian
conflict
threaten
crop's
long-term
production.
In
addition
these
challenges,
cultivation
contributes
environmental
biodiversity
degradation.
Conclusion
To
address
challenges
ensure
sustainable
supply
high-quality
beans
meet
rising
demand,
intensification
producing
countries
deemed
critical.
These
include
breeding
varieties
that
are
resistant
yield-limiting
factors,
use
integrated
management
strategies
improve
fertility
control
pests,
heavy
metals
like
Cd,
implementation
agroforestry
systems,
farm
gate
prices,
provision
social
interventions
such
as
alternative
livelihoods
farmers
increase
on
existing
farmlands.
Standardized
harmonized
postharvest
required
consistent
each
season.
Global Change Biology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
31(2)
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
Global
food
production
faces
significant
challenges,
acting
as
a
primary
driver
of
land
use
change,
biodiversity
loss,
and
greenhouse
gas
(GHG)
emissions,
while
part
the
world's
population
still
struggles
with
security
nutrition.
In
response,
EAT–Lancet
Commission
has
proposed
healthy
sustainable
planetary
diet
aimed
at
reducing
resource‐intensive
foods
like
meat,
starchy
vegetables,
eggs,
suggesting
67%
increase
in
global
per
capita
unsaturated
oil
consumption
(e.g.,
soybean,
sunflower,
rapeseed)
maintenance
current
palm
intake.
Using
spatially
explicit
allocation
algorithm,
we
assess
how
future
demand
for
expected
9.2
billion
people
by
2050
might
impact
forests
other
carbon‐rich
ecosystems,
along
associated
change
GHG
emissions.
We
also
evaluate
potential
consequences
substituting
vegetable
oils,
noting
their
different
health
environmental
implications.
Results
show
that
projected
74%
rise
would
require
317
million
hectares
land—a
68%
compared
to
maintaining
consumption.
This
could
escalate
pressure
on
threaten
security,
potentially
causing
115–120
deforestation
1163–1210
Mt.
CO
2
year
emissions
from
an
87%
rates.
However,
EAT‐Lancet
foresees
reduction
high‐impact
foods,
freeing
lands
overall
Another
relevant
finding
reveals
replacing
oils
result
increasing
needs,
up
385
148
deforestation,
1525
year,
thus
not
representing
conclusive
viable
solution
towards
sustainability.
Instead,
growing
importance
certification
schemes
deforestation‐free
supply
chains,
ensuring
all
emerges
critical
strategy
prevent
conversion
biodiverse
lands.
Advances in environmental engineering and green technologies book series,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown, С. 121 - 154
Опубликована: Март 28, 2025
The
escalating
global
awareness
of
climate
change
and
the
imminent
depletion
fossil
fuel
reserves
have
spurred
an
urgent
search
for
sustainable
energy
alternatives
eco-friendly
chemical
processes.
Biofuels
biomass
conversion
technologies
emerged
as
pivotal
solutions
in
this
critical
endeavor,
offering
pathways
to
reduce
greenhouse
gas
(GHG)
emissions,
foster
green
chemistry
principles,
enhance
security.
Biofuels,
derived
from
renewable
biological
sources
such
plants,
algae,
agricultural
waste,
present
a
compelling
alternative
fuels.
Biomass
technologies,
including
thermochemical,
biochemical,
hybrid
approaches,
transform
into
valuable
products.
These
when
integrated
with
minimize
conserve
energy,
facilitate
development
bio-based
chemicals
materials.
Challenges
feedstock
availability,
process
efficiency,
economic
competitiveness
need
be
addressed
through
advancements
biotechnology,
engineering,
material
science.
