How Adolescents Learn to Build Social Bonds: A Developmental Computational Account of Social Explore-Exploit Decision-Making DOI Open Access
T. Kathy, Sophie G. Paolizzi, Michael N. Hallquist

и другие.

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2024

Building social bonds is a critical task of adolescence that affords opportunities for learning, identity formation, and support. Failing to develop close relationships in hinders adult interpersonal functioning contributes problems such as loneliness depression. During adolescence, increased reward sensitivity greater flexibility both contribute healthy development, yet we lack clear theory how these processes interact support functioning. Here, propose synthesizing two literatures using computational reinforcement learning framework recasts adolescents pursue learn from rewards explore-exploit problem. To become socially skilled, must balance their efforts form individual within specific groups manage memberships across multiple maximize access resources. We draw on insights sociological studies capital collective networks neurocognitive research foraging cooperation describe the dilemma faced by navigating modern world with increasing diverse resources group memberships. Our account provides important new directions examining dynamics adolescent behavior understanding value computations can positive into adulthood.

Язык: Английский

The development of human causal learning and reasoning DOI
Mariel K. Goddu, Alison Gopnik

Nature Reviews Psychology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 3(5), С. 319 - 339

Опубликована: Апрель 26, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

28
Childhood unpredictability and the development of exploration DOI Creative Commons
Yuyan Xu, Madeline B. Harms, C. Shawn Green

и другие.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(49)

Опубликована: Ноя. 27, 2023

Early in development, the process of exploration helps children gather new information that fosters learning about world. Yet, it is unclear how childhood experiences may influence way humans approach learning. What influences decisions to exploit known, familiar options versus trying a novel alternative? We found unpredictability, characterized by unpredictable caregiving and unstable living environments, was associated with reduced exploratory behavior. This effect holds while controlling for individual differences, including anxiety stress. Individuals who perceived their childhoods as explored less were instead more likely repeat previous choices (habitual responding). They also sensitive uncertainty than potential rewards, even when yielded lower rewards. examined these effects across multiple task contexts via both in-person (N = 78) online replication 84) studies among 10- 13-y-olds. Results are discussed terms cascading environments on development decision-making early experience subsequent

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

24
The evolution of sensitive periods beyond early ontogeny: Bridging theory and data DOI Creative Commons
Nicole Walasek, Karthik Panchanathan, Willem E. Frankenhuis

и другие.

Functional Ecology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Июль 14, 2024

Abstract Sensitive periods, in which experiences have a large impact on phenotypic development, are most common early ontogeny. Yet, they may also occur at later ontogenetic stages, such as adolescence. At present, however, we know little about why natural selection favours sensitive periods for some traits ontogeny and others This article synthesizes recent mathematical models empirical studies that explore beyond Across models, observe two general patterns. First, emerge when an organism's uncertainty the environment‐phenotype fit increases developmental stages. Second, cues stages reduce this more than earlier do. In literature, showing tend to be social traits, particularly among mammals. Connecting theory data, hypothesize mammals evolved expect reliable information from peers adolescence current future environment (e.g. dominance, mate value). Finally, highlight gaps our understanding suggest directions strengthening bridges between theoretical of periods. Ultimately, hope synthesis will contribute towards integrative science across biological sciences. Read free Plain Language Summary Journal blog.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

6
Specifying the timescale of early life unpredictability helps explain the development of internalising and externalising behaviours DOI Creative Commons
Bence Csaba Farkas, Axel Baptista, Mario Speranza

и другие.

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2024

Abstract Early life unpredictability is associated with both physical and mental health outcomes throughout the course. Here, we classified adverse experiences based on timescale which they are likely to introduce variability in children’s environments: variations unfolding over short time scales (e.g., hours, days, weeks) labelled Stochasticity vs longer months, years) Volatility explored how contribute development of problem behaviours. Results indicate that externalising behaviours at age 9 15 internalising were better accounted for by models separated measured ages 3 5. Both specifically Volatility, larger effects These findings interpreted light evolutionary-developmental psychopathology reinforcement learning under uncertainty.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

5
Understanding the development of reward learning through the lens of meta-learning DOI
Kate Nussenbaum, Catherine A. Hartley

Nature Reviews Psychology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 3(6), С. 424 - 438

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

5
The causal structure and computational value of narratives DOI
Janice Chen, Aaron M. Bornstein

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 28(8), С. 769 - 781

Опубликована: Май 10, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

4
The central role of the individual in the history of brains DOI Creative Commons
Asif A. Ghazanfar,

Àlex Gómez-Marín

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 163, С. 105744 - 105744

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024

Every species' brain, body and behavior is shaped by the contingencies of their evolutionary history; these exert pressures that change developmental trajectories. There is, however, another set shape us other animals: those occur during a lifetime. In this perspective piece, we show how two histories are intertwined focusing on individual. We suggest organisms--their brains behaviors--are not solely products genes neural circuitry but individual centers action unfolding in time. To unpack idea, first emphasize importance variation central role biology. then go over "errors time" often make when comparing development across species. Next, reveal an individual's process rather than product presenting case studies. These trajectories as emerging contexts "the actual now" presence past". Our consideration reveals individuals slippery-they never static; they on-going, creative activities. light this, it seems taking seriously essential if aspire to meaningful comparisons circuits within

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

4
To risk or not: The impact of socioeconomic status on preschoolers’ risky decision‐making for gains and losses DOI

Delhii Hoid,

Ziyan Guo,

Zhibin He

и другие.

Developmental Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 27(4)

Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2024

Abstract Disparities in socioeconomic status (SES) may affect individuals’ risk preferences, which have important developmental consequences across the lifespan. Yet, previous research has shown inconsistent associations between SES and risky decision‐making, little is known about how this link develops from a young age. The current among first to examine influences preschoolers’ decisions both gain loss frames. Across two studies, children aged 5 6 years (total N = 309, 154 boys) were asked choose certain options. option was more advantageous, equal to, or less advantageous than option. Study 1 revealed that frame, high‐SES ( n 84, 44 chose options sensitive expected value compared low‐SES 78, 42 boys), especially when advantageous. However, difference not significant frame. Supporting potential causal 2 further found experimentally increasing children's 68, 30 by providing additional resources increased their risk‐seeking behavior Overall, our findings suggest an interaction environmental cues (gain vs. loss) early life circumstances shaping preferences. Research Highlights This school backgrounds manipulated influence preferences Children for losses gains; framing effect stronger higher‐SES lower‐SES children. Lower‐SES exhibited fewer behaviors decreased sensitivity of losses, but gains. A temporary boost behavior, values.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

3
Unpredictable benefits of social information can lead to the evolution of individual differences in social learning DOI Creative Commons
Pieter van den Berg, TuongVan Vu, Lucas Molleman

и другие.

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2024

Human ecological success is often attributed to our capacity for social learning, which facilitates the spread of adaptive behaviours through populations. All humans rely on learning acquire culture, but there substantial variation across societies, between individuals and over developmental time. However, it unclear why these differences exist. Here, we present an evolutionary model showing that individual in can emerge if benefits are unpredictable. Unpredictability selects flexible programmes allow update their reliance based previous experiences. This flexibility, turn, causes some a population end up consistently relying more heavily than others. We demonstrate this core mechanism three scenarios increasing complexity, investigating impact different sources uncertainty about usefulness learning. Our results show how evolution shape learn from others, with potentially profound effects cultural diversity.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

3
Understanding explore-exploit dynamics in child development: current insights and future directions DOI Creative Commons
Seokyung Kim, Stephanie M. Carlson

Frontiers in Developmental Psychology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 2

Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2024

Examining children's decisions to explore or exploit the environment provides a window into their developing metacognition and reflection capacities. Reinforcement learning, characterized by balance between exploring new options (exploration) utilizing known ones (exploitation), is central this discussion. Children initially exhibit broad intensive exploration, which gradually shifts toward exploitation as they grow. We review major theories empirical findings, highlighting two main exploration strategies: random directed. The former involves stochastic choices without considering information rewards, while latter driven reducing uncertainty for gain. Behavioral tasks such n-armed bandit, horizon, patch foraging are used study these strategies. Findings on bandit horizon showed mixed results whether decreases over time. Directed consistently with age, but its emergence depends task difficulty. In patch-foraging tasks, adults tend overexploit (staying too long in one patch) children overexplore (leaving early), whereas adolescents display most optimal balance. paper also addresses open questions regarding mechanisms supporting early application of strategies real-life contexts like persistence. Future research should further investigate relation cognitive control, executive function metacognition, explore-exploit strategies, examine practical implications adaptive learning decision-making children.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

3