bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Сен. 29, 2020
Abstract
Although
the
cerebellum
is
now
recognized
as
part
of
a
long-range
brain
network
that
serves
limbic
functions
and
motivated
behavior,
knowledge
cerebello-limbic
connectivity
limited,
nothing
known
about
how
connects
functionally
to
nucleus
accumbens
(NAc).
Here,
we
report
stimulation
cerebellar
nuclei
in
mice
both
sexes
modulates
spiking
activity
NAc
core
medial
shell
with
fast
excitation
slower,
less
synchronized
inhibition.
Fast
responses
would
be
well
poised
support
rapid
communication
information
critical
control
whereas
slower
may
suggestive
regulatory
function,
such
gain
control.
Tracing
experiments
chart
nuclei-NAc
pathways
identified
disynaptic
recruit
ventral
tegmental
area
(VTA)
intralaminar
thalamus
(Centromedial
Parafascicular
nuclei)
intermediary
nodes.
Optogenetic
activation
axons
each
these
nodes
was
sufficient
evoke
shell,
albeit
distinct,
node-dependent
properties.
These
functional
they
could
underlie
role
behavior.
Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
43(3), С. 113834 - 113834
Опубликована: Март 1, 2024
Striatal
dopamine
axons
co-release
and
gamma-aminobutyric
acid
(GABA),
using
GABA
provided
by
uptake
via
transporter-1
(GAT1).
Functions
of
are
poorly
understood.
We
asked
whether
co-released
autoinhibits
release
axonal
type
A
receptors
(GABAARs),
complementing
established
inhibition
acting
at
D2
autoreceptors.
show
that
express
α3-GABAAR
subunits
in
mouse
striatum.
Enhanced
evoked
single-pulse
optical
stimulation
striatal
slices
with
GABAAR
antagonism
confirms
an
endogenous
tone
limits
release.
Strikingly,
additional
inhibitory
component
is
seen
when
multiple
pulses
used
to
mimic
phasic
activity,
revealing
the
role
GABAAR-mediated
autoinhibition
This
autoregulation
lost
conditional
GAT1-knockout
mice
lacking
co-release.
Given
faster
kinetics
ionotropic
GABAARs
than
G-protein-coupled
autoreceptors,
our
data
reveal
a
mechanism
whereby
acts
as
first
responder
dampen
phasic-to-tonic
signaling.
Neuromodulators
transform
animal
behaviors.
Recent
research
has
demonstrated
the
importance
of
both
sustained
and
transient
change
in
neuromodulators,
likely
due
to
tonic
phasic
neuromodulator
release.
However,
no
method
could
simultaneously
record
types
dynamics.
Fluorescence
lifetime
optical
reporters
offer
a
solution
because
it
allows
high
temporal
resolution
is
impervious
sensor
expression
differences
across
chronic
periods.
Nevertheless,
fluorescence
entire
classes
sensors
was
previously
known.
Unexpectedly,
we
find
that
several
intensity-based
also
exhibit
responses.
Furthermore,
show
measures
vivo
dynamics
with
consistency
animals
time.
Thus,
report
can
measure
over
time
scales,
promising
reveal
roles
multi-time
scale
diseases,
response
therapies,
development
aging.
Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
9, С. 100753 - 100753
Опубликована: Май 16, 2024
The
chemical
compound
nicotine,
specifically
3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)
pyridine,
is
a
notable
xenobiotic
under
investigation
in
the
realm
of
electrochemical
biosensors.
This
article
emphasizes
nature
this
substance
and
its
impact
on
human
body.
Different
species
with
pharmacological,
therapeutic,
industrial,
food-related,
environmental
origins
can
now
be
detected
using
sensors.
Nicotine,
an
addictive
tobacco
products
electronic
cigarettes
(e-cigs),
recognized
for
increasing
risk
cardiovascular
respiratory
disorders.
Careful
real-time
monitoring
nicotine
exposure
critical
alleviating
potential
health
impacts
not
just
smokers
but
also
those
exposed
to
second-hand
third-hand
smoke.
Monitoring
requires
suitable
sensing
material
detect
selectively
testing
free-living
conditions
standard
environment.
A
biosensor
consists
sensitive
biological
system
detector
appropriate
transducers
obtaining
output
signals.
applications
these
devices
include
screening,
detection
contaminants,
farming,
routine
medical
examinations.
Critical
factors
widespread
commercialization
will
product's
selectivity,
sensitivity,
stability,
lower
production
costs.
Scientists
have
been
working
developing
nano
high
degree
sensitivity
selectivity
recognition
biomarkers
immune
responses
cancer.
An
analysis
various
parameters,
including
Limit
Detection
(LOD)
concentration
within
pH
range
(7-7.4),
has
conducted.
objective
enhance
expand
linear
range,
optimize
optical
electrical
properties.
delves
into
optimization
sensors
biosensors
from
perspective,
highlighting
positive
negative
effects
as
well
metabolic
pathways
study
categorizes
evaluates
latest
based
their
generation
(electron
transfer
between
multilayers)
methods
(modification
types
or
direct
electrodes).
strengths
weaknesses
each
are
scrutinized
over
past
15
years,
focus
solely
Biomacromolecules,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2025
Cerebral
ischemic
stroke,
neuronal
death,
and
inflammation
bring
difficulties
in
neuroprotection
rehabilitation.
In
this
study,
we
developed
designed
the
ability
of
natural
lactoferrin-polyethylene
glycol-polyphenylalanine-baicalein
nanomicelles
(LF-PEG-PPhe-Bai)
to
target
reduce
these
pathological
processes,
such
as
neurological
damage
cognitive
impairment
stages
poststroke.
Nanomicelles
made
from
biocompatible
materials
have
improved
bioavailability
targeted
distribution
afflicted
brain
areas.
The
results
showed
that
LF-PEG-PPhe-Bai
greatly
antioxidation,
antiapoptosis,
anti-inflammation
activity
vitro.
Meanwhile,
behavioral
2-VO
model
mice,
protected
nerve
cells
hippocampus,
reduced
at
injury
site
vivo.
conclusion,
are
employed
for
enhancing
poststroke
development
technology
might
provide
a
new
technique
neural
repair
after
ischemia
future.
Striatal
dopamine
(DA)
release
regulates
reward-related
learning
and
behavioural
activation
is
believed
to
consist
of
a
short-lived
phasic
continuous
tonic
component.
Here,
we
build
three-dimensional
model
extracellular
DA
dynamics
in
dorsal
(DS)
ventral
striatum
(VS)
that
include
tens
thousands
sites.
The
predicts
rapid
DS
with
little-to-no
basal
DA,
much
slower
the
VS
enabling
build-up
level.
These
regional
differences
do
not
primarily
reflect
different
phenomena
but
rather
arise
from
differential
transporter
(DAT)
activity.
Interestingly,
our
simulations
posit
prevalent
nanoclustering
DAT
as
possible
regulator
this
Receptor
binding
show
D1
receptor
occupancy
follows
concentration
millisecond
delay,
while
D2
receptors
integrate
signal
over
seconds.
Summarized,
distills
recent
experimental
observations
into
computational
framework
challenge
prevailing
paradigms
striatal
signalling.
Striatal
dopamine
(DA)
release
regulates
reward-related
learning
and
behavioural
activation
is
believed
to
consist
of
a
short-lived
phasic
continuous
tonic
component.
Here,
we
build
three-dimensional
model
extracellular
DA
dynamics
in
dorsal
(DS)
ventral
striatum
(VS)
that
include
tens
thousands
sites.
The
predicts
rapid
DS
with
little-to-no
basal
DA,
much
slower
the
VS
enabling
build-up
level.
These
regional
differences
do
not
primarily
reflect
different
phenomena
but
rather
arise
from
differential
transporter
(DAT)
activity.
Interestingly,
our
simulations
posit
prevalent
nanoclustering
DAT
as
possible
regulator
this
Receptor
binding
show
D1
receptor
occupancy
follows
concentration
millisecond
delay,
while
D2
receptors
integrate
signal
over
seconds.
Summarized,
distills
recent
experimental
observations
into
computational
framework
challenge
prevailing
paradigms
striatal
signalling.
