PFAS: forever chemicals—persistent, bioaccumulative and mobile. Reviewing the status and the need for their phase out and remediation of contaminated sites

Environmental Sciences Europe, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 35(1)

Опубликована: Март 23, 2023

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing scientific political attention in recent years. Several thousand commercially produced compounds are used numerous products technical processes. Due to their extreme persistence the environment, humans all other life forms are, therefore, increasingly exposed these substances. In following review, PFAS will be examined comprehensively. Results The best studied carboxylic sulfonic acids with chain lengths of C4 C14, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane (PFOS). These harmful aquatic fauna, insects, amphibians at concentrations a few µg/L or less, accumulate organisms, biomagnify food webs. Humans, as final link chains, subjected uptake primarily through drinking water. multiple toxic effects, affecting liver, kidney, thyroid, immune system. latter effect is basis for establishment tolerable weekly dose only 4.4 ng/kg body weight sum four representatives PFOA, PFOS, perfluorononanoic (PFNA) perfluorohexane (PFHxS) by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2020. Exposure estimates human biomonitoring show that this value frequently reached, many cases exceeded. major challenge analysis, especially waste: single-substance analyses capture fragment large, diverse family PFAS. As consequence, parameters gained importance. high mobility per makes soil groundwater pollution contaminated sites problem. general, short-chain more mobile than long-chain ones. Processes purification water treatment often ineffective expensive. Recycling PFAS-containing such paper packaging leads carryover contaminants. Incineration requires temperatures completely destroy After PFOS perfluorinated were regulated internationally, manufacturers users switched PFAS: representatives, per- oxo acids, telomeric alcohols acids. Analytical studies an increase environmental chemicals. Ultra-short (chain length C1–C3) not been well studied. Among others, trifluoroacetic (TFA) present globally rapidly concentrations. Conclusions substitution individual recognized hazardous possibly equally virtually unknown chronic toxicity can, solution. answer switch fluorine-free alternatives applications which essential.

Язык: Английский

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Estimation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) half-lives in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 242, С. 117743 - 117743

Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2023

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a heterogeneous group of synthetic compounds widely used in industrial applications. The estimation PFAS half-life (t1/2) is essential to quantify their persistence, toxicity mechanism action humans. purpose this review summarize the evidence on half-lives humans from available literature, investigate limitations uncertainties characterizing estimation. search was conducted PubMed, Scopus, Embase databases up July 03, 2023 aimed at identifying all papers that estimated human populations. We excluded studies temporal trends or providing estimates based solely renal clearance. As persistent ongoing exposures can influence estimation, we decided include only were after main source exposure had ceased. A random-effects meta-analysis reported perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS) perfluorohexanesulfonic (PFHxS) Risk bias evaluated using OHAT tool. total 13 articles included review, with 5 exposed general populations 8 workers; mean ranged 1.48 5.1 years for PFOA, 3.4 5.7 PFOS, 2.84 8.5 PFHxS. High heterogeneity among observed; potential reasons variability investigated populations, discrepancies considering exposures, isomeric compositions, accounting background exposure, time since stopped methods Despite efforts made better understand toxicokinetics, further are needed identify important characteristics these chemicals. Biomonitoring should focus unaccounted sources individual potentially determining half-life, ensure accurate estimates.

Язык: Английский

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Current and emerging analytical techniques for the determination of PFAS in environmental samples

Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 37, С. e00198 - e00198

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Birth Outcomes in Relation to Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Stress in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program

Environmental Health Perspectives, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 131(3)

Опубликована: Март 1, 2023

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent ubiquitous chemicals associated with risk of adverse birth outcomes. Results previous studies have been inconsistent. Associations between PFAS outcomes may be affected by psychosocial stress. Objectives: We estimated in relation to prenatal concentrations evaluate whether maternal stress modifies those relationships. Methods: included 3,339 participants from 11 prospective cohorts the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program estimate associations five stratified perceived scale scores examine effect modification used Bayesian Weighted Sums mixtures PFAS. Results: observed reduced size increased all For a 1-unit higher log-normalized exposure perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS), perfluorononanoic (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic (PFHxS), we lower birthweight-for-gestational-age z-scores β=−0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.27, −0.03], β=−0.14 (95% CI: −0.28, −0.002), β=−0.22 −0.23, −0.10), β=−0.06 −0.18, 0.06), β=−0.25 −0.37, −0.14), respectively. odds ratio (OR) for large-for-gestational-age: ORPFNA=0.56 0.38, 0.83), ORPFDA=0.52 0.35, 0.77). increase concentration summed PFAS, z-score [−0.28; 95% highest posterior density (HPD): −0.44, −0.14] decreased large-for-gestational-age (OR=0.49; HPD: 0.29, 0.82). Perfluorodecanoic (PFDA) explained percentage (40%) both models. were not modified Discussion: Our large, multi-cohort study found negative association birthweight-for-gestational-age, different groups high vs. low This can help inform policy reduce exposures environment humans. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10723

Язык: Английский

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Per/polyfluoroalkyl substances modulate plasmid transfer of antibiotic resistance genes: A balance between oxidative stress and energy support

Water Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 240, С. 120086 - 120086

Опубликована: Май 18, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Emerging contaminants in food matrices: An overview of the occurrence, pathways, impacts and detection techniques of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Toxicology Reports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12, С. 436 - 447

Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2024

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in industrial consumer applications for ages. The pervasive persistent nature of PFAS the environment is a universal concern due to public health risks. Experts acknowledge that exposure high levels certain consequences, including reduced vaccine efficacy, elevated cholesterol, increased risk blood pressure. While considerable research has conducted investigate presence environment, pathways human through food packaging/contact materials (FCM) remain unclear. In this review, we present an exhaustive overview dietary PFAS. Also, mechanism migration from FCMs into occurrence foods were considered. Further, analytical techniques matrices as well impacts. recent regulatory actions working set standards guidelines packaging highlighted. Alternative being developed evaluated their safety efficacy contact applications, offering promising alternatives also Finally, reported on general considerations perspectives presently

Язык: Английский

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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Female Health Concern: Gender-based Accumulation Differences, Adverse Outcomes, and Mechanisms

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2025

The deleterious health implications of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely recognized. Females, in contrast to males, exhibit unique pathways for PFAS exposure excretion, leading complex outcomes. status females is largely influenced by hormone-related processes. have been reported be associated with various aspects female health, including reproductive system disorders pregnancy-related diseases. In this article, we provide insights into the correlations between female-prevalent Current epidemiological toxicological evidence has demonstrated that adverse effects on primarily attributed disruption hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis hormonal homeostasis. However, these findings do not sufficiently elucidate intricate associations specific Furthermore, autoimmune disorders, another category more prevalent women compared men, require additional investigation. Immune biomarkers pertinent observed exposure, although insufficient substantiate relations. Further thorough exploration encompassing studies essential elucidating inherent influence human pathologies. Additionally, comprehensive investigations issues beyond their functions essential.

Язык: Английский

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Effects of Early-life PFAS Exposure on Child Neurodevelopment: A Review of the Evidence and Research gaps

Current Environmental Health Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 12(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2025

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals with many modern applications, leading to widespread contamination universal human exposure. PFAS exposure during early life is of particular concern, given susceptibility the developing fetal infant brain toxic exposures. This review aims synthesize current evidence, discuss methodological challenges, highlight research gaps guide future studies on impact neurodevelopment. Sixty-one in total were published from 2008 March 2024, 35 last five years. Findings primarily link reduced cognitive, motor, language development infancy increased behavioral issues like hyperactivity childhood. Large have shown mixed results concerning child cognition, executive function, autism, ADHD, some indicating no association or unexpected protective findings. Sex-specific associations been observed, but not consistently. Most has addressed low-level exposure, suggesting subtle potentially significant population-wide neurodevelopmental effects. Recent also highlights concerns about newer, alternative PFAS, they too might affect The effects early-life neurodevelopment merit further study, particularly cumulative prenatal postnatal Research fully explored sensitive subgroups potential mitigating factors such as breastfeeding nutrient intake, which will require larger, more diverse samples. Future directions include deeper study mixtures, interactions other neurotoxic environmental chemicals, newer types. There a need focus neuropsychological functioning later childhood, using direct assessments for reliable evaluations.

Язык: Английский

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PFC/PFAS concentrations in human milk and infant exposure through lactation: a comprehensive review of the scientific literature

Archives of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2025

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), previously known as perfluorinated compounds (PFC), are a group of synthetic chemicals widely used over the past decades. Their extensive application, combined with their environmental persistence, has contributed to ubiquitous presence in environment associated toxicological risks. Regarding humans, blood serum testing remains primary method for biomonitoring PFAS exposure, while breast milk also been due transfer these from mothers infants during lactation. This paper aims review scientific literature (using PubMed Scopus databases) on concentrations non-occupationally exposed women. Where available, estimated daily intake by breastfeeding is examined. The reviewed studies categorized continent country/region, revealing significant lack data many countries, including both developed developing nations. findings indicate substantial variability concentrations, influenced factors such geographic location, sampling year, specific analyzed. Among identified compounds, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) most commonly detected, along perfluorohexanesulfonic (PFHxS) perfluorononanoic (PFNA), being only regulated maximum levels certain foodstuffs. Most were conducted before implementation current (updated) tolerable weekly (TWI) values substances. Consequently, majority reported low health risk infants, even high-intake scenarios. Nevertheless, urgently needed countries limited or no data, new investigations should assess whether intakes exceed updated TWI. Special focus be given rural industrial areas where exposure remain poorly understood.

Язык: Английский

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Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances and Cancer

Cancers, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 14(12), С. 2919 - 2919

Опубликована: Июнь 14, 2022

Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are chemicals that persist bioaccumulate in the environment found nearly all human populations through several routes of exposure. Human occupational community exposure to PFAS has been associated with cancers, including cancers kidney, testis, prostate, liver. While evidence suggests not directly mutagenic, many diverse mechanisms carcinogenicity have proposed. In this mini-review, we organize these into three major proposed pathways action—metabolism, endocrine disruption, epigenetic perturbation—and discuss how distinct but interdependent may explain pro-carcinogenic effects class environmental contaminants. Notably, each is predicted be highly sensitive dose window which may, part, variable epidemiologic experimental linking cancer. We highlight testicular prostate cancer as models validate concept.

Язык: Английский

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