Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Год журнала: 2006, Номер 37(1), С. 187 - 214

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2006

Trees do not form a natural group but share attributes such as great size, longevity, and high reproductive output that affect their mode tempo of evolution. In particular, trees are unique in they maintain levels diversity while accumulating new mutations only slowly. They also capable rapid local adaptation can evolve quickly from nontree ancestors, most existing tree lineages typically experience low speciation extinction rates. We discuss why the growth habit should lead to these seemingly paradoxical features.

Язык: Английский

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Plant structural traits and their role in anti-herbivore defence

Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Год журнала: 2007, Номер 8(4), С. 157 - 178

Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2007

Язык: Английский

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The resource availability hypothesis revisited: a meta‐analysis

Functional Ecology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 25(2), С. 389 - 398

Опубликована: Ноя. 19, 2010

Summary 1. Several theories have provided a framework for understanding variation in plant defence against herbivores. Among them, the apparency theory and resource availability hypothesis (RAH) aimed to explain patterns of investment selective pressures that led variety defensive strategies across species. Here we provide historical review both theories, present evidence shaped their development contrast predictions. 2. We results meta‐analysis utility RAH 25 years after it was proposed compare theory. performed 50 studies examined growth, defences herbivory relation latitude ontogeny. Specifically, tested four predictions follow RAH: (i) species adapted resource‐rich environments intrinsically faster growth rates than resource‐poor environments; (ii) fast‐growing shorter leaf lifetimes slow‐growing species; (iii) lower amounts constitutive (iv) support higher 3. Our confirm grow inherently more slowly, invest from productive habitats. data also showed rate among better explains differences apparency, suggesting evolution different is resource, rather herbivore driven. found application this appears robust ontogeny, as magnitude effect sizes most did not vary significantly between ecosystems or ontogenic stages. 4. conclude has served valid investigating its applicability quite general.

Язык: Английский

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Phenology, ontogeny and the effects of climate change on the timing of species interactions

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 13(1), С. 1 - 10

Опубликована: Ноя. 23, 2009

Climate change is altering the phenology of many species and timing their interactions with other species, but impacts these phenological shifts on remain unclear. Classical approaches to study have typically documented changes in single life-history events, while affect over entire life histories. In this study, we suggest an approach that integrates ontogeny a fitness landscape provide common mechanistic framework for investigating shifts. We ontogeny-phenology provides flexible method document relative phenologies interacting examine causes shifts, estimate consequences species.

Язык: Английский

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The Ontogeny of Plant Defense and Herbivory: Characterizing General Patterns Using Meta‐Analysis

The American Naturalist, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 175(4), С. 481 - 493

Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2010

Defense against herbivores often changes dramatically as plants develop. Hypotheses based on allocation theory and herbivore selection patterns predict that defense should increase or decrease, respectively, across ontogeny, previous research partly supports both predictions. Thus, it remains unclear which pattern is more common what factors contribute to variability among studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 116 published studies reporting ontogenetic in plant traits herbivory. Patterns varied depending life form (woody, herbaceous, grass), type (insect, mollusk, mammal), trait (secondary chemistry, physical defense, tolerance). In woody plants, chemical increased during the seedling stage, followed by an defenses vegetative juvenile stage. Mammalian showed strong preference for mature compared tissues plants. Herbs experienced significant secondary chemistry entire trajectory, although magnitude was greatest Correspondingly, mollusks preferred young older herbs. Future investigating growth/defense trade‐offs, allometry, patterns, ecological costs would shed light mechanisms driving observed.

Язык: Английский

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Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum: a review

Biogeosciences, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 8(11), С. 3457 - 3489

Опубликована: Ноя. 28, 2011

Abstract. The terrestrial carbon (C) cycle has received increasing interest over the past few decades, however, there is still a lack of understanding fate newly assimilated C allocated within plants and to soil, stored ecosystems lost atmosphere. Stable isotope studies can give novel insights into these issues. In this review we provide an overview emerging picture plant-soil-atmosphere fluxes, as based on studies, identify processes determining related signatures. first part focuses isotopic fractionation during after photosynthesis. second major elaborates plant-internal plant-rhizosphere allocation patterns at different time scales (diel, seasonal, interannual), including speed transfer lags in coupling assimilation respiration, well magnitude controls plant-soil respiratory fluxes. Plant responses changing environmental conditions, functional relationship between physiological phenological status transfer, interactions C, water nutrient dynamics are discussed. role counterflow from rhizosphere aboveground parts plants, e.g. via CO2 dissolved xylem or xylem-transported sugars, highlighted. third centered around belowground turnover, focusing especially above- litter inputs, soil organic matter formation production loss respiration fixation by microbes. Furthermore, plant microbial communities activity exudates community effects mineralization reviewed. A further paper dedicated physical matrix, such diffusion dissolution profile. Finally, highlight state-of-the-art stable methodologies their latest developments. From presented evidence conclude that exists tight physical, chemical biological involved cycling fluxes system. Generally, research using information isotopes allows integrated view involved. However, complex among range complicate currently impede interpretation signals compounds ecosystem level. This tries present knowledge gaps correctly interpreting system how future approaches could contribute closing gaps.

Язык: Английский

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The Layers of Plant Responses to Insect Herbivores

Annual Review of Entomology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 61(1), С. 373 - 394

Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2015

Plants collectively produce hundreds of thousands specialized metabolites that are not required for growth or development. Each species has a qualitatively unique profile, with variation among individuals, stages, and tissues. By the 1950s, entomologists began to recognize supreme importance these in shaping insect herbivore communities. Plant defense theories arose address observed patterns variation, but provided few testable hypotheses because they did distinguish clearly proximate ultimate causes. Molecular plant-insect interaction research since revealed sophistication plant metabolic, developmental, signaling networks. This understanding at molecular level, rather than theoretical predictions, driven development new tools pushed field forward. We reflect on utility functional perspective by optimal theory, propose conceptual model as series layers each different level analysis, illustrated advances ecology interactions.

Язык: Английский

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Vegetative Phase Change and Shoot Maturation in Plants

Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Год журнала: 2013, Номер unknown, С. 125 - 152

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2013

Язык: Английский

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Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and O3 on Forests: Phytochemistry, Trophic Interactions, and Ecosystem Dynamics

Journal of Chemical Ecology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 36(1), С. 2 - 21

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2010

Язык: Английский

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Plant apparency, an overlooked driver of associational resistance to insect herbivory

Journal of Ecology, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 101(2), С. 418 - 429

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2013

Summary Herbivore regulation is one of the services provided by plant diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. It has been suggested that tree decreases insect herbivory forests, but recent studies have reported opposite patterns, indicating can trigger associational resistance or susceptibility. The mechanisms underlying diversity–resistance relationship thus remain a matter debate. We assessed on pedunculate oak saplings ( Quercus robur ) large‐scale experiment which we manipulated and identity mixing oaks, birch pine species. Tree at plot scale had no effect damage due to leaf chewers, abundance miners decreased with increasing diversity. magnitude this increased host dilution, consistent ‘resource concentration hypothesis’. At smaller scale, estimated apparency as difference total height between focal their nearest neighbouring trees. Levels infestation significantly decreasing apparency. As probability having taller neighbours diversity, notably increase proportion faster growing nonhost trees, such birches pines, may be seen ‘hidden’, sampling Synthesis . These findings suggest greater dilution lower contribute young They also highlight importance taking size into account covariate, avoid misleading interpretations about biodiversity–resistance relationship.

Язык: Английский

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