Energy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 135697 - 135697
Опубликована: Март 1, 2025
Язык: Английский
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 96, С. 101046 - 101046
Опубликована: Фев. 14, 2023
Is full recyclability of polyolefins via chemical recycling a dream, or can it become reality? The main problem in plastic waste is that its composition highly heterogeneous while sorting and purifying solutions to obtain mono-streams are complex require large investments, thereby hampering the economy scale. Ideally, novel processes designed have mixed wastes as input higher value products produced such C2–C4 olefins aromatics instead low oil. In this review we show directions how realize these objectives. Classical thermal pyrolysis offers some possibilities but requires very high temperatures exceeding 800 °C transform back into desired temperatures. Nevertheless, because robustness, polyolefinic currently intensively studied first industrial applications operated at medium temperature range maximize oil product. Catalytic still under development, ideal lab-scale conditions around 85 wt.% be when pure polyolefin feeds used. With improved catalyst design should possible get number further up without affecting stability. As yield light impacted by both process (reactor type, efficiency prior conversion, flexibility towards feed composition) experimental parameters (temperature, catalyst/feed ratio, contact mode, residence time, addition inert reactants) also improvements respect. To industrialize waste, short times (<1 s) crucial avoid secondary reactions by-products methane, coke, aromatics. Pyrolysis reactors according principles, downers, spouted fluidized bed, vortex reactors, envisaged result optimal yields olefins. However, coke formation seems inevitable reactor designs need sufficiently robust allow for in-situ removal. For future research will viability improve purification stream, optimize catalysts selectivity stability, suitable reactor. It innovations three areas eventually reaching 90 target.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
124
Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 124(5), С. 2617 - 2650
Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2024
The societal importance of plastics contrasts with the carelessness which they are disposed. Their superlative properties lead to economic and environmental efficiency, but linearity puts climate, human health, global ecosystems at risk. Recycling is fundamental transitioning this linear model into a more sustainable, circular economy. Among recycling technologies, chemical depolymerization offers route virgin quality recycled plastics, especially when valorizing complex waste streams poorly served by mechanical methods. However, exists in interlinked system end-of-life fates, complementarity each approach key environmental, economic, sustainability. This review explores recent progress made five commercial polymers: poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, polyamides, aliphatic polyesters, polyurethanes. Attention paid not only catalytic technologies used enhance efficiencies also interrelationship other systemic constraints imposed Novel polymers, designed for depolymerization, concisely reviewed terms their underlying chemistry potential integration current plastic systems.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
83
Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 381(6658), С. 660 - 666
Опубликована: Авг. 10, 2023
Waste plastics are an abundant feedstock for the production of renewable chemicals. Pyrolysis waste produces pyrolysis oils with high concentrations olefins (>50 weight %). The traditional petrochemical industry uses several energy-intensive steps to produce from fossil feedstocks such as naphtha, natural gas, and crude oil. In this work, we demonstrate that oil can be used aldehydes through hydroformylation, taking advantage olefin functionality. These then reduced mono- dialcohols, oxidized dicarboxylic acids, or aminated diamines by using homogeneous heterogeneous catalysis. This route high-value oxygenated chemicals low-value postconsumer recycled polyethylene. We project produced could lower greenhouse gas emissions ~60% compared their petroleum feedstocks.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
81
Resources Conservation and Recycling, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 192, С. 106916 - 106916
Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2023
Plastic recycling rate in Europe is low, urging developments technology and strategies to increase circularity.Mechanical (MR) has been the reference for years, but near future chemical (CR) options are expected contribute improve plastic circularity.This study uses a material flow analysis (MFA) at European level provide quantitative estimates of contribution CR technologies recycling.Ten most used polymer types from five sectors selected.A status quo 2018 scenario modelled compared potential scenarios (in 2030) waste treatment, including one that only looks improved collection, sorting, MR four exploring options.The so-called 'missing plastics', i.e., generated currently not accounted statistics, considered scenarios.The MFA results by calculating circularity indicators namely end-of-life (EoL-RR), plastic-to-plastic rate, plasticto-chemicals plastic-to-fuels rate.The indicate optimistic EoL-RR 2030 73-80% (sum plastic-to-chemical rates, excluding plastic-to-fuel rate), which 41-46% MR, 15-38% 19-35% plastic-to-chemicals.The highest achievable estimated be 61% (46% 15% CR).In all scenarios, 3-6%.The also estimate recycled content availability 2030, suggest closed-loop processing plastics' will necessary achieve targets.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
76
Fuel Processing Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 238, С. 107474 - 107474
Опубликована: Сен. 6, 2022
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
75
Energy & Environmental Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(9), С. 3638 - 3653
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
This study analyzes catalytic fast pyrolysis as a conversion technology for mixed plastic waste, highlighting key economic and environmental drivers potential opportunities process improvements.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
62
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 172, С. 106036 - 106036
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2023
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
51
National Science Review, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10(9)
Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2023
The unsuitable disposal of plastic wastes has caused serious environmental pollution, and finding a green manner to address this problem aroused wide concern. Plastic wastes, especially polyolefin are rich in carbon hydrogen, chemical recycling shows distinct advantages their conversion into olefins realizes closed-loop cycling wastes. should be labeled before disposal. necessity for, methods of, pretreatment introduced paper the whole process is also summarized. As core technology pyrolysis, including thermal, catalytic solvolysis processes, detail due its potential for future development. We briefly describe feasible strategies pyrolytic oil refining life cycle assessment process. In addition, suggestions perspectives concerning industrial improvement proposed.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
43
Journal of environmental chemical engineering, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(2), С. 112323 - 112323
Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2024
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
35
Waste Management, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 152, С. 69 - 79
Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2022
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
62