bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2022
ABSTRACT
During
nervous
system
development,
neurons
choose
synaptic
partners
with
remarkable
specificity;
however,
the
cell-cell
recognition
mechanisms
governing
rejection
of
inappropriate
remain
enigmatic.
Here
we
show
that
mouse
retinal
avoid
using
FLRT2-UNC5
receptor-ligand
system.
Within
inner
plexiform
layer
(IPL),
FLRT2
is
expressed
by
direction-selective
(DS)
circuit
neurons,
whereas
UNC5C/D
are
non-DS
projecting
to
adjacent
IPL
sublayers.
In
vivo
gain-
and
loss-of-function
experiments
demonstrate
binding
eliminates
growing
DS
dendrites
have
strayed
from
Abrogation
allows
mistargeted
arbors
persist,
elaborate,
acquire
synapses
partners.
Conversely,
UNC5C
misexpression
within
sublayers
inhibits
dendrite
growth
drives
into
Mechanistically,
UNC5s
promote
elimination
interfering
FLRT2-mediated
adhesion.
Based
on
their
broad
expression,
FLRT-UNC5
poised
exert
widespread
effects
upon
partner
choices
across
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Дек. 17, 2024
Diverse
retinal
ganglion
cells
(RGCs)
transmit
distinct
visual
features
from
the
eye
to
brain.
Recent
studies
have
categorized
RGCs
into
45
types
in
mice
based
on
transcriptomic
profiles,
showing
strong
alignment
with
morphological
and
electrophysiological
properties.
However,
little
is
known
about
how
these
are
spatially
arranged
two-dimensional
surface-an
organization
that
influences
encoding-and
their
local
microenvironments
impact
development
neurodegenerative
responses.
To
address
this
gap,
we
optimized
a
workflow
combining
imaging-based
spatial
transcriptomics
(MERFISH)
immunohistochemical
co-staining
thin
flatmount
sections.
We
used
computational
methods
register
en
face
somata
distributions
of
all
molecularly
defined
RGC
types.
More
than
75%
(34/45)
exhibited
non-uniform
distributions,
likely
reflecting
adaptations
retina's
anatomy
animal's
environment.
By
analyzing
neighborhoods
each
cell,
identified
perivascular
located
near
blood
vessels.
Seven
enriched
niche,
including
members
intrinsically
photosensitive
(ipRGC)
direction-selective
(DSGC)
subclasses.
Orthologous
human
counterparts
-
Melanopsin-enriched
ipRGCs
ON
DSGCs
were
also
proximal
vessels,
suggesting
perivascularity
may
be
evolutionarily
conserved.
Following
optic
nerve
crush
mice,
M1-ipRGCs
showed
preferential
survival,
proximity
vessels
render
cell-extrinsic
neuroprotection
through
an
mTOR-independent
mechanism.
Overall,
our
work
offers
resource
characterizing
profiles
types,
enabling
future
development,
physiology,
neurodegeneration
at
individual
neuron
type
resolution
across
space.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Сен. 27, 2023
Brain
development
is
orchestrated
by
both
innate
and
experience-dependent
mechanisms,
but
their
relative
contributions
are
difficult
to
disentangle.
Here
we
asked
if
how
central
visual
areas
altered
in
a
vertebrate
brain
depleted
of
any
all
signals
from
retinal
ganglion
cells
throughout
development.
We
transcriptionally
profiled
neurons
pretectum,
thalamus
other
retinorecipient
larval
zebrafish
searched
for
changes
lakritz
mutants
that
lack
connections.
Although
individual
genes
dysregulated,
the
complete
set
77
neuronal
types
develops
apparently
normal
proportions,
at
locations,
along
differentiation
trajectories.
Strikingly,
cell-cycle
exits
proliferating
progenitors
these
delayed,
greater
fraction
early
postmitotic
precursors
remain
uncommitted
or
diverted
pre-glial
fate.
Optogenetic
stimulation
targeting
groups
normally
involved
processing
information
evokes
behaviors
indistinguishable
wildtype.
In
conclusion,
show
emitted
axons
influence
pace
neurogenesis
areas,
do
not
detectably
affect
specification
wiring
downstream
neurons.
ABSTRACT
To
form
functional
circuits,
neurons
must
settle
in
their
appropriate
cellular
locations,
and
then
project
elaborate
neurites
to
contact
target
synaptic
neuropils.
Laminar
organization
within
the
vertebrate
retinal
inner
plexiform
layer
(IPL)
facilitates
pre-
postsynaptic
neurite
targeting,
yet
precise
mechanisms
underlying
establishment
of
IPL
subdomains
are
not
well
understood.
Here,
we
explore
defining
compartmentalization
OFF
ON
generally,
direction-selective
specifically,
developing
mouse
IPL.
We
show
that
semaphorin
6A
(Sema6A),
a
repulsive
axon
guidance
cue,
is
required
for
delineation
versus
circuits
IPL:
Sema6a
null
IPL,
boundary
between
domains
blurred.
Furthermore,
Sema6A
expressed
by
ganglion
cells
(RGCs)
directs
laminar
segregation
starburst
amacrine
cell
dendritic
scaffolds,
which
themselves
serve
as
substrate
upon
other
elaborate.
These
results
demonstrate
RGCs,
first
type
neuron
born
retina,
play
an
active
role
specialization
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Ноя. 16, 2021
Summary
The
brain
is
assembled
during
development
by
both
innate
and
experience-dependent
mechanisms
1–7
,
but
the
relative
contribution
of
these
factors
poorly
understood.
Axons
retinal
ganglion
cells
(RGCs)
connect
eye
to
brain,
forming
a
bottleneck
for
transmission
visual
information
central
areas.
RGCs
secrete
molecules
from
their
axons
that
control
proliferation,
differentiation
migration
downstream
components
7–9
.
Spontaneously
generated
waves
activity,
also
intense
stimulation,
can
entrain
responses
10
neurons
11–16
Here
we
asked
how
cellular
composition
targets
altered
in
vertebrate
depleted
input
throughout
development.
For
this,
first
established
molecular
catalog
17
gene
expression
atlas
18
neuronal
subpopulations
retinorecipient
areas
larval
zebrafish.
We
then
searched
changes
lakritz
(
atoh7
-
)
mutants,
which
do
not
form
19
Although
individual
forebrain-expressed
genes
are
dysregulated
complete
set
77
putative
cell
types
thalamus,
pretectum
tectum
present.
While
neurogenesis
trajectories
overall
unaltered,
greater
proportion
remain
an
uncommitted
progenitor
stage
mutant.
Optogenetic
stimulation
pretectal
area
20,21
evokes
behavior
blind
mutants
indistinguishable
wildtype.
Our
analysis
shows
that,
this
system,
produced
more
slowly,
specified
wired
up
proper
configuration
absence
any
signals.
Journal of Visualized Experiments,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
206
Опубликована: Апрель 12, 2024
The
study
of
behavioral
responses
to
visual
stimuli
is
a
key
component
understanding
system
function.
One
notable
response
the
optokinetic
reflex
(OKR),
highly
conserved
innate
behavior
necessary
for
image
stabilization
on
retina.
OKR
provides
robust
readout
tracking
ability
and
has
been
extensively
studied
understand
circuitry
function
in
animals
from
different
genetic
backgrounds.
consists
two
phases:
slow
phase
as
eye
follows
stimulus
edge
plane
compensatory
fast
saccade
that
resets
position
orbit.
Previous
methods
gain
quantification,
although
reliable,
are
labor
intensive
can
be
subjective
or
arbitrarily
derived.
To
obtain
more
rapid
reproducible
quantification
ability,
we
have
developed
novel
semi-automated
analysis
program,
PyOKR,
allows
two-dimensional
motion
any
directional
stimulus,
addition
being
adaptable
type
video-oculography
equipment.
This
method
automated
filtering,
selection
phases,
modeling
vertical
horizontal
vectors,
movement
gains
relative
speed,
organization
resultant
data
into
usable
spreadsheet
statistical
graphical
comparisons.
quantitative
streamlined
pipeline,
readily
accessible
via
PyPI
import,
direct
measurement
responses,
thereby
facilitating
responses.
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2024
Abstract
Network
structures
of
the
brain
have
wiring
patterns
specialized
for
specific
functions.
These
are
partially
determined
genetically
or
evolutionarily
based
on
type
task
stimulus.
important
in
information
processing;
however,
their
organizational
principles
not
fully
understood.
This
study
frames
maximization
transmission
alongside
reduction
maintenance
costs
as
a
multi-objective
optimization
challenge,
utilizing
theory
and
evolutionary
computing
algorithms
with
an
emphasis
visual
system.
The
goal
is
to
understand
underlying
circuit
formation
by
exploring
processing.
demonstrates
that
efficient
necessitates
sparse
circuits
internal
modular
featuring
distinct
patterns.
Significant
trade-offs
underscore
necessity
balance
pattern
development.
dynamics
effective
exhibit
moderate
flexibility
response
stimuli,
line
observations
from
prior
system
studies.
Maximizing
transfer
may
allow
self-organization
processing
functions
similar
actual
biological
circuits,
without
being
limited
modality.
offers
insights
into
neuroscience
potential
improve
reservoir
performance.
Symmetry,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(12), С. 1592 - 1592
Опубликована: Ноя. 28, 2024
The
complexity
and
functional
evolution
of
mammalian
visual
systems
have
always
been
a
focal
point
in
neuroscience
biological
science
research.
primary
neurons
that
output
motion
direction
signals
research
for
nearly
130
years.
These
are
widely
present
the
cortex
retina
mammals.
Although
relevant
pathways
discovered
studied
almost
60
years
due
to
experimental
accessibility,
still
remains
at
cellular
level.
specific
functions
overall
operational
mechanisms
component
direction-selective
yet
be
clearly
elucidated.
In
this
study,
we
modeled
existing
conclusions
based
on
symmetry
asymmetry
whole
cells
retina-to-cortex
pathway
proposed
quantitative
mechanism
selectivity
pathways,
called
Artificial
Visual
System
(AVS).
By
tests
1
million
instances
2D,
eight-direction
grayscale
moving
objects,
including
10
randomly
shaped
objects
various
sizes,
confirm
AVS’s
high
effectiveness
detecting.
Furthermore,
by
comparing
AVS
with
two
well-known
convolutional
neural
networks,
namely
LeNet-5
EfficientNetB0,
verify
its
efficiency,
generalization,
noise
resistance.
Moreover,
analysis
indicates
exhibits
evident
biomimetic
characteristics
application
advantages
concerning
hardware
implementation,
plausibility,
interpretability,
parameter
count,
learning
difficulty.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 6, 2023
ABSTRACT
The
study
of
murine
behavioral
responses
to
visual
stimuli
is
a
key
component
understanding
mammalian
circuitry.
One
notable
response
the
optokinetic
reflex
(OKR),
highly
conserved
innate
behavior
necessary
for
image
stabilization
on
retina.
OKR
provides
robust
readout
tracking
ability
and
has
been
extensively
studied
understand
logic
system
circuitry
function
in
mice
from
different
genetic
backgrounds.
consists
two
phases:
slow
phase
as
eye
follows
stimulus
edge
plane,
compensatory
fast
saccade
that
maintains
within
field.
Assessment
previously
relied
counting
individual
saccades
estimate
speed.
To
obtain
more
direct
quantification
ability,
we
have
developed
novel,
semi-automated
analysis
program
allows
rapid
reproducible
unidirectional
gains,
addition
being
adaptable
any
video-oculography
equipment.
Our
selection
phases,
modeling
vertical
horizontal
vectors,
movement
relative
stimulus,
organization
resultant
data
into
usable
spreadsheet
statistical
graphical
comparisons.
This
quantitative
streamlined
pipeline
faster
measurement
responses,
thereby
facilitating
further
responses.
SUMMARY
We
describe
here
method
directly
measures
resulting
two-dimensional
motion.
A
Python-based
user
interface
algorithm
higher
throughput
measurements
parameters
than
previous
methods.