Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 56(3), С. 1510 - 1521

Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2022

We submit that the safe operating space of planetary boundary novel entities is exceeded since annual production and releases are increasing at a pace outstrips global capacity for assessment monitoring. The in boundaries framework refers to geological sense could have large-scale impacts threaten integrity Earth system processes. review scientific literature relevant quantifying highlight plastic pollution as particular aspect high concern. An impact pathway from on processes presented. define apply three criteria suitability control variables boundary: feasibility, relevance, comprehensiveness. propose several complementary capture complexity this boundary, while acknowledging major data limitations. conclude humanity currently outside based weight-of-evidence these variables. rate larger volumes higher numbers with diverse risk potentials exceed societies' ability conduct safety related assessments recommend taking urgent action reduce harm associated exceeding by reducing entities, noting even so, persistence many and/or their effects will continue pose threat.

Язык: Английский

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Risk assessment of microplastic particles

Nature Reviews Materials, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 7(2), С. 138 - 152

Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics are everywhere — but are they harmful?

Nature, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 593(7857), С. 22 - 25

Опубликована: Май 4, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 55(8), С. 5084 - 5096

Опубликована: Март 16, 2021

Human exposure to microplastic is recognized as a global problem, but the uncertainty, variability, and lifetime accumulation are unresolved. We provide probabilistic model for children adults, which accounts intake via eight food types inhalation, intestinal absorption, biliary excretion, plastic-associated chemical physiologically based pharmacokinetic submodel. The probabilistically simulates concentrations in gut, body tissue, stool, latter allowing validation against empirical data. Rescaling methods were used ensure comparability between abundance Microplastic (1–5000 μm) median rates 553 particles/capita/day (184 ng/capita/day) 883 (583 respectively. This can irreversibly accumulate 8.32 × 103 (90% CI, 7.08 102–1.91 106) particles/capita or 6.4 0.1–2.31 103) ng/capita until age 18, up 5.01 104 5.25 103–9.33 40.7 0.8–9.85 adults 70 tissue 1–10 μm particles. Simulated stool agree with Chemical absorption from ingested of nine media on biphasic, reversible, size-specific sorption kinetics, reveals that contribution microplastics total small. as-yet-unknown contributions other discussed light future research needs.

Язык: Английский

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Weathering Plastics as a Planetary Boundary Threat: Exposure, Fate, and Hazards

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 55(11), С. 7246 - 7255

Опубликована: Май 11, 2021

We described in 2017 how weathering plastic litter the marine environment fulfils two of three criteria to impose a planetary boundary threat related "chemical pollution and release novel entities": (1) planetary-scale exposure, which (2) is not readily reversible. Whether plastics meet third criterion, (3) eliciting disruptive impact on vital earth system processes, was uncertain. Since then, several important discoveries have been made motivate re-evaluation. A key issue if macroplastics, microplastics, nanoplastics, their leachates an inherently higher potential elicit adverse effects than natural particles same size. summarize findings context that demonstrate increasing fate processes leading poorly reversible pollution, (eco)toxicological hazards thresholds. provide evidence criterion could be fulfilled for sensitive environments therefore conclude pose threat. suggest future research priorities better understand modulated by exposure continuous parametrize threshold pollution.

Язык: Английский

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Twenty years of microplastics pollution research—what have we learned?

Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 386(6720)

Опубликована: Сен. 19, 2024

Twenty years after the first publication that used term microplastic, we review current understanding, refine definitions, and consider future prospects. Microplastics arise from multiple sources, including tires, textiles, cosmetics, paint, fragmentation of larger items. They are widely distributed throughout natural environment, with evidence harm at levels biological organization. pervasive in food drink have been detected human body, emerging negative effects. Environmental contamination could double by 2040, wide-scale has predicted. Public concern is increasing, diverse measures to address microplastic pollution being considered international negotiations. Clear on efficacy potential solutions now needed issue minimize risks unintended consequences.

Язык: Английский

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Micro(nano)plastics sources, fate, and effects: What we know after ten years of research

Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 6, С. 100057 - 100057

Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2022

The last decade has been transformative for micro(nano)plastic (MnP) research with recent discoveries revealing the extent and magnitude of MnP pollution, even in world's most remote places. Historically, while researchers recognized that plastic pollution was derived from land-based sources, it generally believed microplastic particles (i.e., fragments <5 mm) only a marine issue effects largely impacting biota. However, over progressed rapidly MnPs freshwater, snow, ice, soil, terrestrial biota, air found ocean spray. have now every environmental compartment on earth, within tissues gastrointestinal tracts thousands species, including humans, resulting harmful effects. 10 years also seen development new techniques analysis, re-purposing old technologies allowing us to determine down nano size range (<1 µm). This short review summarizes what key milestones major advances made nanoplastic environment, their fate, decade.

Язык: Английский

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Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 413(24), С. 5969 - 5994

Опубликована: Июль 20, 2021

Abstract Microplastics are a widespread contaminant found not only in various natural habitats but also drinking waters. With spectroscopic methods, the polymer type, number, size, and size distribution as well shape of microplastic particles waters can be determined, which is great relevance to toxicological studies. Methods used studies so far show huge diversity regarding experimental setups often lack certain quality assurance aspects. To overcome these problems, this critical review consensus paper 12 European analytical laboratories institutions, dealing with particle identification quantification gives guidance toward harmonized analysis clean The aims (i) improve reliability analysis, (ii) facilitate planning sample preparation detection, (iii) provide better understanding evaluation already existing aims, we hope make an important step harmonization water samples and, thus, allow comparability results obtained different by using similar or methods. Clean samples, for purpose paper, considered comprise all low matrix content, particular drinking, tap, bottled water, other types such freshwater. Graphical abstract

Язык: Английский

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Characterizing the multidimensionality of microplastics across environmental compartments

Water Research, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 202, С. 117429 - 117429

Опубликована: Июль 14, 2021

Understanding the multidimensionality of microplastics is essential for a realistic assessment risks these particles pose to environment and human health. Here, we capture size, shape, area, polymer, volume mass characteristics >60,000 individual microplastic as continuous distributions. Particles originate from samples taken different aquatic compartments, including surface water sediments marine freshwater environment, waste effluents, organisms. Data were obtained using state-of-the-art FTIR-imaging, same automated imaging post-processing software. We introduce workflow with two quality criteria that assure minimum data loss due volumetric filter area subsampling. find probability density functions (PDFs) particle length follow power law distributions, median slopes ranging 2.2 3.1 biota samples, compartment-specific. Polymer-specific PDFs demonstrated significant differences in among polymers, hinting at polymer specific sources, removal or fragmentation processes. Furthermore, provide width, width ratio, distributions propose how can represent full diversity toxicologically relevant dose metrics required risks.

Язык: Английский

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Biotechnological methods to remove microplastics: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(3), С. 1787 - 1810

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2023

Язык: Английский

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