PFAS: forever chemicals—persistent, bioaccumulative and mobile. Reviewing the status and the need for their phase out and remediation of contaminated sites

Environmental Sciences Europe, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 35(1)

Опубликована: Март 23, 2023

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing scientific political attention in recent years. Several thousand commercially produced compounds are used numerous products technical processes. Due to their extreme persistence the environment, humans all other life forms are, therefore, increasingly exposed these substances. In following review, PFAS will be examined comprehensively. Results The best studied carboxylic sulfonic acids with chain lengths of C4 C14, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane (PFOS). These harmful aquatic fauna, insects, amphibians at concentrations a few µg/L or less, accumulate organisms, biomagnify food webs. Humans, as final link chains, subjected uptake primarily through drinking water. multiple toxic effects, affecting liver, kidney, thyroid, immune system. latter effect is basis for establishment tolerable weekly dose only 4.4 ng/kg body weight sum four representatives PFOA, PFOS, perfluorononanoic (PFNA) perfluorohexane (PFHxS) by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2020. Exposure estimates human biomonitoring show that this value frequently reached, many cases exceeded. major challenge analysis, especially waste: single-substance analyses capture fragment large, diverse family PFAS. As consequence, parameters gained importance. high mobility per makes soil groundwater pollution contaminated sites problem. general, short-chain more mobile than long-chain ones. Processes purification water treatment often ineffective expensive. Recycling PFAS-containing such paper packaging leads carryover contaminants. Incineration requires temperatures completely destroy After PFOS perfluorinated were regulated internationally, manufacturers users switched PFAS: representatives, per- oxo acids, telomeric alcohols acids. Analytical studies an increase environmental chemicals. Ultra-short (chain length C1–C3) not been well studied. Among others, trifluoroacetic (TFA) present globally rapidly concentrations. Conclusions substitution individual recognized hazardous possibly equally virtually unknown chronic toxicity can, solution. answer switch fluorine-free alternatives applications which essential.

Язык: Английский

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Communicating Confidence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Identification via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(6), С. 473 - 481

Опубликована: Май 26, 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are important environmental contaminants, yet relatively few analytical reference standards exist for this class. Nontarget analyses performed by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) increasingly common the discovery identification PFASs in biological samples. The certainty PFAS identifications made via HRMS must be communicated through a reliable harmonized approach. Here, we present confidence scale along with criteria specific to suspect or nontarget analysis HRMS. Confidence levels range from level 1a─"Confirmed Reference Standard," 1b─"Indistinguishable 5─"Exact Masses Interest," which identified screening data filtering, two forms feature prioritization. This is consistent general communicating small organic molecules (e.g., match standards, library MS/MS, and/or retention times) but incorporates conventions tools used classification detection homologous series ranges defects). Our clarifies and, doing so, facilitates more efficient identification.

Язык: Английский

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Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Subsurface Environments: Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Research Prospect

Reviews of Geophysics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 60(3)

Опубликована: Авг. 7, 2022

Abstract Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), also known as “forever chemicals,” are manmade chemicals that have been increasingly detected in various geological settings since the early 2000s. The soil subsurface environments media commonly affected by PFAS. We conducted a comprehensive review of peer‐reviewed articles published from 2010 through 2022 concerning fate transport PFAS environments. This is organized into different subsections, covering basics properties how they affect occurrence, fate, PFAS, fundamental processes affecting mathematical models for describing predicting behaviors. Mechanisms governing environment, including sorption at air‐water interface, solid‐water nonaqueous phase liquids‐water were explored detail. Challenges future research priorities identified to better mitigate global challenges contamination.

Язык: Английский

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Chemical composition, sources, and ecological effect of organic phosphorus in water ecosystems: a review

Carbon Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 2(1)

Опубликована: Март 15, 2023

Abstract Phosphorus (P) affects the water–air CO 2 flux through primary productivity, and changes of carbon cycle ecological environment in global world. Organic phosphorus (Po) is an important P component water environments. Various processes control formation transformation Po outbreaks algal blooms. Here, research topics on over past 50 years are systematically reviewed to understand progress (i) pretreatment techniques various media, (ii) technical methods qualitative quantitative chemical composition bioavailability, (iii) source analysis factors affecting different media environments biogeochemical processes, (iv) interactions among Po, organic matter, minerals, their environmental behaviors, (v) quantification material exchanges at sediment–water interface, interfacial effects. Finally, future directives regarding discussed. The findings provided scientific basis formulate revise standards for nutrients a better understanding eutrophication its control. Graphical

Язык: Английский

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Integration of target, suspect, and nontarget screening with risk modeling for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances prioritization in surface waters

Water Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 233, С. 119735 - 119735

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2023

Язык: Английский

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A systematic review for non-targeted analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 960, С. 178240 - 178240

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

This review follows the PRISMA guidelines to provide a systematic of 115 peer reviewed articles that used non-targeted analysis (NTA) methods detect per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS). literature highlights significant positive impact NTA in understanding PFAS environment. Within geographical bias exists, with most studies (∼60 %) conducted United States China. Future other regions (such as South America Africa) are needed gain more global understanding. More research is required marine environments atmosphere, current focus mainly on freshwater, groundwater, soil, sediments. The majority measuring environment, rather than commercial products (with exception AFFF). Non-lethal blood sampling has been successful for humans wildlife, but additional biomonitoring exposed cohorts understand health risks biotransformation pathways. mostly use liquid chromatography negative ionisation, which biases towards detection specific PFAS. Despite improvements data reporting quality assurance control (QA/QC) procedures, factors such false rates often overlooked, many workflows remain highly subjective. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) perfluoroalkyl sulfonic (PFSAs) detected classes, identified over 80 % studies, common routine monitoring. However, our >1000 from total 382 different 300 classes found fewer 5 studies. variety present limitations relying solely targeted methods. monitoring programs regulations would benefit considering comprehensive information

Язык: Английский

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Chemodiversity of coastal seawater dissolved organic matter shaped by wastewater treatment plant effluent in Tokyo Bay, Japan

Applied Geochemistry, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 106292 - 106292

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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PFAS-Contaminated Soil Site in Germany: Nontarget Screening before and after Direct TOP Assay by Kendrick Mass Defect and FindPFΔS

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(16), С. 6647 - 6655

Опубликована: Апрель 14, 2023

Soil contaminations with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of great concern due to their persistence, leading continuous, long-term groundwater contamination. A composite sample from contaminated agricultural soil northwestern Germany (Brilon-Scharfenberg, North Rhine-Westphalia) was investigated in depth nontarget screening (NTS) (Kendrick mass defect MS2 fragment differences FindPFΔS). Several years ago, selected PFCAs PFSAs were identified on this site by detection nearby surface drinking water. We 10 further PFAS classes 7 C8-based (73 single PFAS) previously unknown including some novel PFAS. All except for one class comprised sulfonic acid groups semi-quantified PFSA standards which ∼97% perfluorinated not expected be degradable. New identifications made up >75% the prior known concentration, estimated >30 μg/g. Pentafluorosulfanyl (-SF5) dominant (∼40%). Finally, oxidized direct TOP (dTOP) assay, revealing PFAA precursors that covered a large extent H-containing additional TPs (perfluoroalkyl diacids) detected after dTOP. In soil, however, dTOP + target analysis covers <23% occurring PFAS, highlighting importance NTS characterize more comprehensively.

Язык: Английский

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Further Insight into Extractable (Organo)fluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Tap Water from Shanghai, China

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(38), С. 14330 - 14339

Опубликована: Сен. 15, 2023

The ubiquitous occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) the detection unexplained extractable organofluorine (EOF) in drinking water have raised growing concerns. A recent study reported inorganic fluorinated anions German river systems, therefore, some samples, EOF may include anions. Thus, it might be more appropriate to use term "extractable fluorine (EF) analysis" instead analysis. In this study, tap samples (n = 39) from Shanghai were collected assess levels EF/EOF, 35 target PFAS, two (tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) hexafluorophosphate (PF6-)), novel PFAS through suspect screening potential oxidizable precursors oxidative conversion. results showed that ultra-short largest contributors accounting for up 97% ΣPFAS. To best our knowledge, was first time bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf2) China, p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS) also identified screening. Small amounts can oxidatively converted PFCAs noted after EF mass balance analysis revealed could only explain less than 36% EF. However, greatly reduced when BF4- PF6- included. These compounds further explained 44% EF, indicating role

Язык: Английский

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Trends in the Analysis and Exploration of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Environmental Matrices: A Review

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 54(8), С. 3171 - 3195

Опубликована: Июль 6, 2023

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is an emerging class of organic pollutants concern now prevalent in environmental matrices including water, soil, air, biological. So far, several standard analytical methods have been developed to systematically analyze PFAS different matrices. However, the complexity makes effective extraction difficult, legacy gradually changing into a new with short chain unknown structure production, which analysis challenging. In this review, following aspects are summarized: (1) advances for matrices, further generalizes updating novel detection methods; (2) PFAS, suspect non-targeted screening method based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) described.

Язык: Английский

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