Occurrence of Multiple Classes of Emerging Synthetic Antioxidants, Including p-Phenylenediamines, Diphenylamines, Naphthylamines, Macromolecular Hindered Phenols, and Organophosphites, in Human Milk: Implications for Infant Exposure

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11(3), С. 259 - 265

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2024

Synthetic antioxidants (AOs) have received increasing attention in recent years due to their environmental ubiquity. However, lactational exposure these emerging contaminants of current concern remains unknown. In this study, 21 amine antioxidants, 18 macromolecular hindered phenol 3 organophosphite and 2 p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones (PPD-Qs) were integrated into a dedicated screening human milk from South China. Among all 42 target AOs, 19 detected, but no PPD-Qs detected any the samples. Eight including N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), frequently more than half The summed concentrations detectable AOs ranged 133 7,560 pg/mL, with median 713 pg/mL. Significant correlations observed among antioxidants. preliminary risk assessment revealed that under high scenario, overall daily intake identified through breastfeeding might pose non-negligible health newborns. This study is first attempt comprehensively identify wide range prevalent milk. findings call for urgent infant widely used less well evaluated chemicals possible increased accumulative future.

Язык: Английский

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In Vitro and In Vivo Biotransformation Profiling of 6PPD-Quinone toward Their Detection in Human Urine

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(21), С. 9113 - 9124

Опубликована: Май 14, 2024

The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its oxidized quinone product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) in rubber have attracted attention due to the ecological risk that they pose. Both 6PPD 6PPD-Q been detected various environments humans cohabit. However, date, a clear understanding of biotransformation potential biomarker for exposure are lacking. To address this issue, study presents comprehensive analysis extensive across species, encompassing both vitro vivo models. We tentatively identified 17 metabolites vitro, 15 mice vivo, confirmed presence two human urine samples. Interestingly, different patterns were observed species. Through semiquantitative based on peak areas, we found almost all underwent within 24 h mice, primarily via hydroxylation subsequent glucuronidation. This suggests rapid metabolic processing mammals, underscoring importance identifying effective biomarkers exposure. Notably, monohydroxy 6PPD-Q-O-glucuronide consistently most predominant our studies, highlighting as key epidemiological research. These findings represent first data set mammalian systems, offering insights into pathways involved possible biomarkers.

Язык: Английский

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Unexpected Exposure Risks to Emerging Aromatic Amine Antioxidants and p-Phenylenediamine Quinones to Residents: Evidence from External and Internal Exposure as Well as Hepatotoxicity Evaluation

Environment & Health, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 2(5), С. 278 - 289

Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2024

Aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs), extensively used in rubber products, and their ozone-photolyzed product p-phenylenediamine quinones (PPD-Qs) were found to be pervasive various environments with potential ecological health risks. The relationship between external internal exposure these contaminants risks the general population remain poorly explored. Herein, dust–handwipe–urine samples (n = 97 pairs) from families Tianjin, China was collected for analyzing 20 AAs 6 PPD-Qs (including self-synthesized emerging PPD-Qs). median concentration of ∑20AAs (1310 ng/g, 354 ng/m2, 18.5 ng/mL, respectively) ∑6PPD-Qs (1645 3913 ng/m2 3.76 dust, handwipe, urine indicated a non-negligible contamination indoor environment. Notably, DPPD-Q DNPD-Q (oxidation products DPPD DNPD, prominent, accounting >90% PPD-Qs. correlation analysis estimated daily intake (EDI) assessments that neither dust ingestion nor dermal may primary source population, other pathways (e.g., diet inhalation) exist. In vitro HepG2 cell experiments demonstrated both PPDs have risk hepatotoxicity.

Язык: Английский

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Discovering Novel Organophosphorus Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents through Suspect Screening and Nontarget Analysis

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(14), С. 6402 - 6414

Опубликована: Март 28, 2024

Limited knowledge on the structure of emerging organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) hampers our comprehensive understanding their environmental occurrence and potential risks. Through suspect nontarget screening, combining data-dependent acquisition, data-independent parallel reaction monitoring modes, we identified 60 OPCs (17 traditional 43 compounds) in effluents 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) Beijing Qinghai, China. These comprise 26 organophosphate triesters, 17 diesters, 6 organophosphonates, 7 organothiophosphate esters, 4 other OPCs. Notably, were newly WWTP effluents, 16 discovered matrices. Specifically, cyclic phosphonate, (5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl dimethyl phosphonate P-oxide (PMMMPn), consistently appeared all with semiquantitative concentrations ranging from 44.4 to 282 ng/L. Its analogue, di-PMMMPn, presented 93% samples. Compositional differences between two cities mainly attributed Hazard ecological risk assessment underscored substantial contribution chlorinated esters overall risks effluents. This study provides most OPC profiles date, highlighting need for further research occurrence, fate, risks, particularly

Язык: Английский

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Comprehensive Identification and Ubiquitous Occurrence of Eight Classes of Rubber-Derived Vulcanization Accelerators in Urban Dusts

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(11), С. 5117 - 5128

Опубликована: Март 5, 2024

Vulcanization accelerators (VAs) serve as crucial additives in synthetic rubber on a global scale. Despite their widespread use, the environmental presence, distribution, and associated exposure risks of VAs remain poorly understood. This study compiled target list conducted screening for eight classes encompassing 42 diverse urban dust samples from South China. A total 40 were detectable across all four studied regions, among which 30 identified first time environment. Among structure-classified VA classes, xanthates exhibited highest concentrations (median: 3810–81,300 ng/g), followed by thiazoles, guanidines, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thioureas, others. The median (∑VAs) determined to be 5060 ng/g road dust, 5730 parking lot 29,200 vehicle repair plant 84,300 household indicating presence numerous rubber-derived various environments. marked systematic effort identify wide range emerging prevalent findings call increased attention these widely utilized but less well-evaluated chemicals future research management efforts.

Язык: Английский

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Tracking Aromatic Amines from Sources to Surface Waters

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11(5), С. 397 - 409

Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2024

This review examines the environmental occurrence and fate of aromatic amines (AAs), a group contaminants with possible carcinogenic mutagenic effects. AAs are known to be partially responsible for genotoxic traits industrial wastewater (WW), AA antioxidants acutely toxic some aquatic organisms. Still, there gaps in available data on sources, occurrence, transport, domestic WW indoor environments, which complicate prevention adverse effects ecosystems. We key sources these compounds, including cigarette smoke grilled protein-rich foods, their presence indoors matrices. provides basis evaluate importance nonindustrial overall burden AAs. Appropriate sampling techniques described, copper-phthalocyanine trisulfonate materials, XAD resins solid-phase extraction, microextraction methods, can offer insights into fate. Further discussion is provided potential progress research behavior an aim support development more comprehensive understanding risks.

Язык: Английский

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Characterization of Chemical Additives in Daily Clothing Regarding Human Exposure and Environmental Emissions

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11(6), С. 619 - 625

Опубликована: Май 17, 2024

Despite the ubiquitous use of textiles, chemical additives used in textile manufacturing, their human exposure, and environmental release have been largely overlooked. Herein, we screened for numerous additives, including synthetic antioxidants, organophosphate esters, phthalate detecting 93 98 chemicals 78 items clothing (sum concentration: 328 to 2.51 × 105 ng/g, median: 2.77 104 ng/g). Compared with esters significantly high concentrations antioxidants (median: ng/g) were found clothes both children adults. Different compositions observed between cotton artificial fabrics, 3 times higher than Dermal contact via sweaty may be a major exposure pathway 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (contributing 39.1% total exposure); thus, it is recommended avoid rewearing minimize exposure. Additionally, emissions through laundry wastewater estimated at 11.2 tons/year China. The discharge 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone contributed 20.4% input into treatment plants China, indicating non-negligible source this chemical. This work provides comprehensive evidence unwanted underscores necessity continuous monitoring risks associated products.

Язык: Английский

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Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Indoor Air and Dust from Multiple Microenvironments in China

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(18), С. 7986 - 7997

Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2024

The indoor environment is a typical source for organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPFRs), yet the characteristics of OPFRs in different microenvironments remain less clear. This study collected 109 air samples 34 paired dust from 4 within university Tianjin, China, including dormitory, office, library, information center. 29 target were analyzed, novel compounds (NOPs) identified by fragment-based nontarget analysis. Target exhibited highest concentrations 46.2–234 ng/m3 20.4–76.0 μg/g, respectively, center, where chlorinated dominant. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was primary OPFR office air, while tris(2-chloroethyl) dominated dust. TPHP predominant library. Triethyl (TEP) ubiquitous tris(2-butoxyethyl) particularly high 9 25 NOPs first time, mainly center such as bis(chloropropyl) 2,3-dichloropropyl phosphate. Diphenyl phosphinic acid, two hydroxylated methylated metabolites tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168), dimer newly reported environment. widely associated with OPFRs, their human exposure risk environmental behaviors warrant further study.

Язык: Английский

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Synergistic activation of peroxymonosulfate by highly dispersed iron-based sulfur–nitrogen co-doped porous carbon for bisphenol a removal: mechanistic insights and selective oxidation

RSC Advances, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(6), С. 4356 - 4368

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Possible catalytic mechanism of BPA degradation in the FeSNC/PMS system.

Язык: Английский

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Aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) and p-phenylenediamines-quinones (PPD-Qs) in e-waste recycling industry park: Occupational exposure and liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential

Environment International, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 186, С. 108609 - 108609

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

Recently, evidence of aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) existence in the dust electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area has been exposed. However, there is limited studies investigating occupational exposure and toxicity associated with AAs their transformation products (p-phenylenediamines-quinones, i.e., PPD-Qs). In this study, 115 42 hand wipe samples collected from an e-waste recycling industrial park central China were analyzed for 19 6 PPD-Qs. Notably, median concentration ∑6PPD-Qs (1,110 ng/g 1,970 ng/m2) was significantly higher (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) than that ∑6PPDs (147 34.0 wipes. Among detected analytes, 4-phenylaminodiphenylamine quinone (DPPD-Q) (median: 781 ng/g) 1,4-Bis(2-naphthylamino) benzene (DNPD-Q) 156 ng/g), particularly prominent, which first area. Occupational assessments nuclear receptor interference ability, conducted through estimated daily intake (EDI) molecular docking analysis, respectively, indicated significant to PPD-Qs suggested prioritized Liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential PPDs The study provides considerable levels e-waste-related underscores importance assessing effects.

Язык: Английский

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