Acute Toxicity of the Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone to Four Fishes of Commercial, Cultural, and Ecological Importance

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(4), С. 333 - 338

Опубликована: Март 2, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), a transformation product of the rubber tire antioxidant 6PPD, has recently been identified as chemical responsible for urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon, with median lethal concentration (LC50) <0.1 μg/L. Subsequent studies have failed to confirm comparable sensitivity other fish species. Here, we investigated acute toxicity 6PPD-quinone rainbow trout, brook Arctic char, and white sturgeon. Fish were exposed under static renewal conditions, exposure concentrations verified analytically. Mortalities trout occurred between 1.2 20 h, while mortalities began after 7 h spanned 60 trout. The LC50s (24 h) (72 0.59 1.00 μg/L, respectively. Both species showed characteristic symptoms (increased ventilation, gasping, spiraling, loss equilibrium) shortly before death. No observed either char or sturgeon 96 at measured high 14.2 This is first study demonstrate fishes commercial, cultural, ecological importance environmentally relevant provides urgently needed information environmental risk assessments this contaminant emerging concern.

Язык: Английский

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6PPD-Quinone: Revised Toxicity Assessment and Quantification with a Commercial Standard

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(2), С. 140 - 146

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2022

Stormwater exposure can cause acute mortality of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) was identified as the primary causal toxicant. Commercial standards 6PPD-Q recently became available; their analysis highlighted a systematic high bias in prior reporting concerning 6PPD-Q. A commercial standard used to re-confirm toxicity estimates juvenile develop liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for quantification. Peak area responses were ∼15 times higher than those in-house standards, updated LC50 value (95 ng/L) ∼8.3-fold lower that previously reported. These data support relative comparisons occurrence while confirming substantial lethality While environmental concentrations are expected be lower, also more toxic calculated should categorized “very highly toxic” pollutant aquatic organisms. Isotope dilution-tandem methods enabled accurate quantification (limits <10 within samples.

Язык: Английский

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Abiotic oxidative transformation of 6-PPD and 6-PPD quinone from tires and occurrence of their products in snow from urban roads and in municipal wastewater

Water Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 212, С. 118122 - 118122

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022

The antiozonant N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is added to tires increase their lifetime and emitted with tire road wear particles into the environment. Recently, one of its transformation products (TPs), 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), has gained attention due toxicity towards coho salmon. In this study, abiotic oxidative investigated by a series ozonation experiments in lab followed analysis TPs using liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). A total 38 were detected tentatively identified, which formed either directly from or via 6-PPDQ as intermediate. suspect screening LC-HRMS showed 32 these occur snow collected urban roads surrogate road-runoff, where 6-PPDQ, 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA), TP 213, 249 most prominent besides 6-PPD. More than 90% load was found particulate fraction snow. Thus, retaining runoff before discharge surface water would substantially reduce emission many TPs. Some prevailed phase higher polarity. 13 dissolved wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent. Their markedly enhanced during day snowmelt (approx. 1100 g/d) rainfall 2000 compared dry weather 190 g/d). contributed less 1% (estimated concentrations max 0.1 µg/L). elimination estimated loads related WWTP ranged 22 67% depending on conditions. Eventually 249, 4-ADPA 259_2 dominated effluent concentration 0.5 up 2 Thus are, likely, specific stable be determined

Язык: Английский

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First Report on the Occurrence of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD-Quinone as Pervasive Pollutants in Human Urine from South China

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(12), С. 1056 - 1062

Опубликована: Ноя. 21, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone derivative, 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), have been found to be prevalent in the environment, but there are currently no data on their presence humans. Herein, we conducted first human biomonitoring study of 6PPD 6PPD-Q by measuring 150 urine samples collected from three different populations (general adults, children, pregnant women) South China. Both were detected samples, with detection frequencies between 60% 100%. Urinary concentrations significantly higher than those correlated well (p < 0.01), indicating coexposure In vitro metabolic experiments demonstrated rapid depletion liver microsomes, which should responsible for lower urine. Additionally, women exhibited apparently (median 0.068 2.91 ng/mL, respectively) did adults (0.018 0.40 ng/mL) children (0.015 0.076 ng/mL). The high daily urinary excretion was estimated 273 (ng/kg bw)/day. Considering that a lethal toxicant multiple aquatic species, potential health risks posed long-term exposure require urgent attention.

Язык: Английский

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Concentration and leachability of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone transformation product (6PPD-Q) in road dust collected in Tokyo, Japan

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 302, С. 119082 - 119082

Опубликована: Март 1, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system

Environment International, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 171, С. 107715 - 107715

Опубликована: Дек. 22, 2022

Tire wear particles (TWPs) enter road surface with the friction between tires and surfaces. Under volatilization, leaching, transformation action on TWPs by sunlight rain, tire additives are released into urban water systems, such as rainfall runoff, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), receiving waters, drinking plant (DWTP). In this study, we investigated occurrence of 23 their products in system Pearl River Delta region, South China. Nineteen target compounds were detected 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) showing highest maximum concentration 58780 ng/L. Benzothiazole its at frequency 100 % total concentrations 480-42160 The antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was also up to 1562 ng/L, which considerably higher than that parent compound 6PPD (the 7.52 ng/L). Eleven 8 WWTPs influents effluents, respectively, removal rates - 62-100 %. Seventeen Zhujiang Dongjiang rivers, while 9 sources DWTP samples. Road 79200 is suggested main non-point source for effluents point due incomplete after accepting initial runoff. 6PPD-Q other 10 displayed median high ecological risks human daily intake estimated be 2.63 ×

Язык: Английский

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Analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and potential toxicity of tire wear compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 452, С. 131245 - 131245

Опубликована: Март 21, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Widespread Occurrence and Transport of p-Phenylenediamines and Their Quinones in Sediments across Urban Rivers, Estuaries, Coasts, and Deep-Sea Regions

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(6), С. 2393 - 2403

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2023

p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in tire rubber, and their derived quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs) may pose a threat to marine ecosystems. A compelling example is N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-derived quinone, called 6PPD-Q, the causal toxicant for stormwater-linked acute mortality toward coho salmon. However, knowledge of co-occurrences PPDs PPD-Qs transport from freshwater oceanic waterbodies on large geographical scale remains unknown. Herein, we performed first large-scale survey these chemicals sediments across urban rivers, estuaries, coasts, deep-sea regions. Our results demonstrated that seven four ubiquitously present riverine, estuarine, coastal sediments, most them also occur sediments. The dominant concern were identified 6PPD 6PPD-Q. Total sedimentary concentrations presented clear spatial trend with decreasing levels rivers (medians: 39.7 15.2 ng/g) estuaries (14.0 5.85 then coasts (9.47 2.97 regions (5.24 3.96 ng/g). Interestingly, variation ratios 6PPD-Q (R6PPD/6PPD-Q) trend. field measurements implied riverine outflows be an important route rubber-derived open oceans.

Язык: Английский

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The Tire-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone Is Lethally Toxic to the White-Spotted Char Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius but Not to Two Other Salmonid Species

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(12), С. 1050 - 1055

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone, also known as 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), was recently identified the toxic chemical that causes acute mortality in coho salmon following exposure to urban road runoff. Subsequent studies found there were large differences sensitivity 6PPD-Q (>100-fold) even among salmonid species. Here we performed 96 h toxicity tests of with three species (Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius, Salvelinus curilus, and Oncorhynchus masou masou) lethally S. pluvius a 24 median lethal concentration (LC50) 0.51 μg/L but not other two at environmentally relevant concentrations (<3.8 μg/L). In addition, measured suspected monohydroxylated metabolite brain gill tissues for The internal (ILC50) estimated be 4.0 μg/kg wet weight 6.2 while tissue surviving exceeded ILC50 values pluvius. These results suggest might affected by toxicodynamic factors well toxicokinetics.

Язык: Английский

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Widespread N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine Quinone in Size-Fractioned Atmospheric Particles and Dust of Different Indoor Environments

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(5), С. 420 - 425

Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2022

Transformed from the antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), emerging toxicant 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) has received extensive attention because of its potential toxic effects. However, evidence on size distribution patterns atmospheric particles and environmental occurrence remains limited. We determined 6-PPDQ pollution levels in eight size-segregated (0.43–10 μm) four waste recycling plants dust samples six typical indoor compartments South China. tended to accumulate coarse (9–10 with highest concentrations (7.78–23.2 pg m–3). Model simulations revealed that deposition efficiency (flux) particle-bound were 89%–91% (10.8–39.1 h–1), 3.2%–3.8% (0.45–1.64 6.0%–6.9% (0.80–2.85 h–1) workers' head airways, tracheobronchial, pulmonary alveoli areas respiratory tracts, respectively. The matrix was not main carrier 6-PPDQ, lower multiple environments than those suspended air particles. In-vehicle rubber-related places seemed be most polluted by this ozone-initiated quinone. Our study further enriches knowledge ubiquitous distributions 6-PPDQ. Additional toxicity experiments should conducted using based high exposure risk for humans upper tract via inhalation.

Язык: Английский

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