Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(30), С. 10940 - 10950
Опубликована: Июль 19, 2023
Urban
stormwater
runoff
frequently
contains
the
car
tire
transformation
product
6PPD-quinone,
which
is
highly
toxic
to
juvenile
and
adult
coho
salmon
(Onchorychus
kisutch).
However,
it
currently
unclear
if
embryonic
stages
are
impacted.
We
addressed
this
by
exposing
developing
embryos
starting
at
eyed
stage
three
concentrations
of
6PPD-quinone
twice
weekly
until
hatch.
Impacts
on
survival
growth
were
assessed.
Further,
whole-transcriptome
sequencing
was
performed
recently
hatched
alevin
address
potential
mechanism
6PPD-quinone-induced
toxicity.
Acute
mortality
not
elicited
in
environmentally
measured
lethal
juveniles
adults,
however,
inhibited.
Immediately
after
hatching,
sensitive
mortality,
implicating
a
large
window
vulnerability
prior
smoltification.
Molecularly,
induced
dose-dependent
effects
that
implicated
broad
dysregulation
genomic
pathways
governing
cell–cell
contacts
endothelial
permeability.
These
consistent
with
previous
observations
macromolecule
accumulation
brains
exposed
blood–brain
barrier
disruption
as
pathway
for
Overall,
our
data
suggests
risk
adverse
health
events
upon
hatching
while
indicating
mechanism(s)
action
chemical.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
9(4), С. 333 - 338
Опубликована: Март 2, 2022
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone
(6PPD-quinone),
a
transformation
product
of
the
rubber
tire
antioxidant
6PPD,
has
recently
been
identified
as
chemical
responsible
for
urban
runoff
mortality
syndrome
in
coho
salmon,
with
median
lethal
concentration
(LC50)
<0.1
μg/L.
Subsequent
studies
have
failed
to
confirm
comparable
sensitivity
other
fish
species.
Here,
we
investigated
acute
toxicity
6PPD-quinone
rainbow
trout,
brook
Arctic
char,
and
white
sturgeon.
Fish
were
exposed
under
static
renewal
conditions,
exposure
concentrations
verified
analytically.
Mortalities
trout
occurred
between
1.2
20
h,
while
mortalities
began
after
7
h
spanned
60
trout.
The
LC50s
(24
h)
(72
0.59
1.00
μg/L,
respectively.
Both
species
showed
characteristic
symptoms
(increased
ventilation,
gasping,
spiraling,
loss
equilibrium)
shortly
before
death.
No
observed
either
char
or
sturgeon
96
at
measured
high
14.2
This
is
first
study
demonstrate
fishes
commercial,
cultural,
ecological
importance
environmentally
relevant
provides
urgently
needed
information
environmental
risk
assessments
this
contaminant
emerging
concern.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
9(2), С. 140 - 146
Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2022
Stormwater
exposure
can
cause
acute
mortality
of
coho
salmon
(Oncorhynchus
kisutch),
and
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q)
was
identified
as
the
primary
causal
toxicant.
Commercial
standards
6PPD-Q
recently
became
available;
their
analysis
highlighted
a
systematic
high
bias
in
prior
reporting
concerning
6PPD-Q.
A
commercial
standard
used
to
re-confirm
toxicity
estimates
juvenile
develop
liquid
chromatography-tandem
mass
spectrometry
analytical
method
for
quantification.
Peak
area
responses
were
∼15
times
higher
than
those
in-house
standards,
updated
LC50
value
(95
ng/L)
∼8.3-fold
lower
that
previously
reported.
These
data
support
relative
comparisons
occurrence
while
confirming
substantial
lethality
While
environmental
concentrations
are
expected
be
lower,
also
more
toxic
calculated
should
categorized
“very
highly
toxic”
pollutant
aquatic
organisms.
Isotope
dilution-tandem
methods
enabled
accurate
quantification
(limits
<10
within
samples.
Water Research,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
212, С. 118122 - 118122
Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022
The
antiozonant
N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine
(6-PPD)
is
added
to
tires
increase
their
lifetime
and
emitted
with
tire
road
wear
particles
into
the
environment.
Recently,
one
of
its
transformation
products
(TPs),
6-PPD
quinone
(6-PPDQ),
has
gained
attention
due
toxicity
towards
coho
salmon.
In
this
study,
abiotic
oxidative
investigated
by
a
series
ozonation
experiments
in
lab
followed
analysis
TPs
using
liquid
chromatography-high
resolution-mass
spectrometry
(LC-HRMS).
A
total
38
were
detected
tentatively
identified,
which
formed
either
directly
from
or
via
6-PPDQ
as
intermediate.
suspect
screening
LC-HRMS
showed
32
these
occur
snow
collected
urban
roads
surrogate
road-runoff,
where
6-PPDQ,
4-aminodiphenylamine
(4-ADPA),
TP
213,
249
most
prominent
besides
6-PPD.
More
than
90%
load
was
found
particulate
fraction
snow.
Thus,
retaining
runoff
before
discharge
surface
water
would
substantially
reduce
emission
many
TPs.
Some
prevailed
phase
higher
polarity.
13
dissolved
wastewater
treatment
plant
(WWTP)
influent.
Their
markedly
enhanced
during
day
snowmelt
(approx.
1100
g/d)
rainfall
2000
compared
dry
weather
190
g/d).
contributed
less
1%
(estimated
concentrations
max
0.1
µg/L).
elimination
estimated
loads
related
WWTP
ranged
22
67%
depending
on
conditions.
Eventually
249,
4-ADPA
259_2
dominated
effluent
concentration
0.5
up
2
Thus
are,
likely,
specific
stable
be
determined
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
9(12), С. 1056 - 1062
Опубликована: Ноя. 21, 2022
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
and
its
quinone
derivative,
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q),
have
been
found
to
be
prevalent
in
the
environment,
but
there
are
currently
no
data
on
their
presence
humans.
Herein,
we
conducted
first
human
biomonitoring
study
of
6PPD
6PPD-Q
by
measuring
150
urine
samples
collected
from
three
different
populations
(general
adults,
children,
pregnant
women)
South
China.
Both
were
detected
samples,
with
detection
frequencies
between
60%
100%.
Urinary
concentrations
significantly
higher
than
those
correlated
well
(p
<
0.01),
indicating
coexposure
In
vitro
metabolic
experiments
demonstrated
rapid
depletion
liver
microsomes,
which
should
responsible
for
lower
urine.
Additionally,
women
exhibited
apparently
(median
0.068
2.91
ng/mL,
respectively)
did
adults
(0.018
0.40
ng/mL)
children
(0.015
0.076
ng/mL).
The
high
daily
urinary
excretion
was
estimated
273
(ng/kg
bw)/day.
Considering
that
a
lethal
toxicant
multiple
aquatic
species,
potential
health
risks
posed
long-term
exposure
require
urgent
attention.
Environment International,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
171, С. 107715 - 107715
Опубликована: Дек. 22, 2022
Tire
wear
particles
(TWPs)
enter
road
surface
with
the
friction
between
tires
and
surfaces.
Under
volatilization,
leaching,
transformation
action
on
TWPs
by
sunlight
rain,
tire
additives
are
released
into
urban
water
systems,
such
as
rainfall
runoff,
wastewater
treatment
plants
(WWTPs),
receiving
waters,
drinking
plant
(DWTP).
In
this
study,
we
investigated
occurrence
of
23
their
products
in
system
Pearl
River
Delta
region,
South
China.
Nineteen
target
compounds
were
detected
1,3-Diphenylguanidine
(DPG)
showing
highest
maximum
concentration
58780
ng/L.
Benzothiazole
its
at
frequency
100
%
total
concentrations
480-42160
The
antioxidant
derivative
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone
(6PPD-Q)
was
also
up
to
1562
ng/L,
which
considerably
higher
than
that
parent
compound
6PPD
(the
7.52
ng/L).
Eleven
8
WWTPs
influents
effluents,
respectively,
removal
rates
-
62-100
%.
Seventeen
Zhujiang
Dongjiang
rivers,
while
9
sources
DWTP
samples.
Road
79200
is
suggested
main
non-point
source
for
effluents
point
due
incomplete
after
accepting
initial
runoff.
6PPD-Q
other
10
displayed
median
high
ecological
risks
human
daily
intake
estimated
be
2.63
×
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(6), С. 2393 - 2403
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2023
p-Phenylenediamines
(PPDs)
are
widely
used
as
antioxidants
in
tire
rubber,
and
their
derived
quinone
transformation
products
(PPD-Qs)
may
pose
a
threat
to
marine
ecosystems.
A
compelling
example
is
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)-derived
quinone,
called
6PPD-Q,
the
causal
toxicant
for
stormwater-linked
acute
mortality
toward
coho
salmon.
However,
knowledge
of
co-occurrences
PPDs
PPD-Qs
transport
from
freshwater
oceanic
waterbodies
on
large
geographical
scale
remains
unknown.
Herein,
we
performed
first
large-scale
survey
these
chemicals
sediments
across
urban
rivers,
estuaries,
coasts,
deep-sea
regions.
Our
results
demonstrated
that
seven
four
ubiquitously
present
riverine,
estuarine,
coastal
sediments,
most
them
also
occur
sediments.
The
dominant
concern
were
identified
6PPD
6PPD-Q.
Total
sedimentary
concentrations
presented
clear
spatial
trend
with
decreasing
levels
rivers
(medians:
39.7
15.2
ng/g)
estuaries
(14.0
5.85
then
coasts
(9.47
2.97
regions
(5.24
3.96
ng/g).
Interestingly,
variation
ratios
6PPD-Q
(R6PPD/6PPD-Q)
trend.
field
measurements
implied
riverine
outflows
be
an
important
route
rubber-derived
open
oceans.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
9(12), С. 1050 - 1055
Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2022
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone,
also
known
as
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q),
was
recently
identified
the
toxic
chemical
that
causes
acute
mortality
in
coho
salmon
following
exposure
to
urban
road
runoff.
Subsequent
studies
found
there
were
large
differences
sensitivity
6PPD-Q
(>100-fold)
even
among
salmonid
species.
Here
we
performed
96
h
toxicity
tests
of
with
three
species
(Salvelinus
leucomaenis
pluvius,
Salvelinus
curilus,
and
Oncorhynchus
masou
masou)
lethally
S.
pluvius
a
24
median
lethal
concentration
(LC50)
0.51
μg/L
but
not
other
two
at
environmentally
relevant
concentrations
(<3.8
μg/L).
In
addition,
measured
suspected
monohydroxylated
metabolite
brain
gill
tissues
for
The
internal
(ILC50)
estimated
be
4.0
μg/kg
wet
weight
6.2
while
tissue
surviving
exceeded
ILC50
values
pluvius.
These
results
suggest
might
affected
by
toxicodynamic
factors
well
toxicokinetics.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
9(5), С. 420 - 425
Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2022
Transformed
from
the
antioxidant
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6-PPD),
emerging
toxicant
6-PPD
quinone
(6-PPDQ)
has
received
extensive
attention
because
of
its
potential
toxic
effects.
However,
evidence
on
size
distribution
patterns
atmospheric
particles
and
environmental
occurrence
remains
limited.
We
determined
6-PPDQ
pollution
levels
in
eight
size-segregated
(0.43–10
μm)
four
waste
recycling
plants
dust
samples
six
typical
indoor
compartments
South
China.
tended
to
accumulate
coarse
(9–10
with
highest
concentrations
(7.78–23.2
pg
m–3).
Model
simulations
revealed
that
deposition
efficiency
(flux)
particle-bound
were
89%–91%
(10.8–39.1
h–1),
3.2%–3.8%
(0.45–1.64
6.0%–6.9%
(0.80–2.85
h–1)
workers'
head
airways,
tracheobronchial,
pulmonary
alveoli
areas
respiratory
tracts,
respectively.
The
matrix
was
not
main
carrier
6-PPDQ,
lower
multiple
environments
than
those
suspended
air
particles.
In-vehicle
rubber-related
places
seemed
be
most
polluted
by
this
ozone-initiated
quinone.
Our
study
further
enriches
knowledge
ubiquitous
distributions
6-PPDQ.
Additional
toxicity
experiments
should
conducted
using
based
high
exposure
risk
for
humans
upper
tract
via
inhalation.