First Report on the Occurrence of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD-Quinone as Pervasive Pollutants in Human Urine from South China

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(12), С. 1056 - 1062

Опубликована: Ноя. 21, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone derivative, 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), have been found to be prevalent in the environment, but there are currently no data on their presence humans. Herein, we conducted first human biomonitoring study of 6PPD 6PPD-Q by measuring 150 urine samples collected from three different populations (general adults, children, pregnant women) South China. Both were detected samples, with detection frequencies between 60% 100%. Urinary concentrations significantly higher than those correlated well (p < 0.01), indicating coexposure In vitro metabolic experiments demonstrated rapid depletion liver microsomes, which should responsible for lower urine. Additionally, women exhibited apparently (median 0.068 2.91 ng/mL, respectively) did adults (0.018 0.40 ng/mL) children (0.015 0.076 ng/mL). The high daily urinary excretion was estimated 273 (ng/kg bw)/day. Considering that a lethal toxicant multiple aquatic species, potential health risks posed long-term exposure require urgent attention.

Язык: Английский

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Widespread Occurrence and Transport of p-Phenylenediamines and Their Quinones in Sediments across Urban Rivers, Estuaries, Coasts, and Deep-Sea Regions

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(6), С. 2393 - 2403

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2023

p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in tire rubber, and their derived quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs) may pose a threat to marine ecosystems. A compelling example is N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-derived quinone, called 6PPD-Q, the causal toxicant for stormwater-linked acute mortality toward coho salmon. However, knowledge of co-occurrences PPDs PPD-Qs transport from freshwater oceanic waterbodies on large geographical scale remains unknown. Herein, we performed first large-scale survey these chemicals sediments across urban rivers, estuaries, coasts, deep-sea regions. Our results demonstrated that seven four ubiquitously present riverine, estuarine, coastal sediments, most them also occur sediments. The dominant concern were identified 6PPD 6PPD-Q. Total sedimentary concentrations presented clear spatial trend with decreasing levels rivers (medians: 39.7 15.2 ng/g) estuaries (14.0 5.85 then coasts (9.47 2.97 regions (5.24 3.96 ng/g). Interestingly, variation ratios 6PPD-Q (R6PPD/6PPD-Q) trend. field measurements implied riverine outflows be an important route rubber-derived open oceans.

Язык: Английский

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Analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and potential toxicity of tire wear compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 452, С. 131245 - 131245

Опубликована: Март 21, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Tire-rubber related pollutant 6-PPD quinone: A review of its transformation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 459, С. 132265 - 132265

Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Transformation Products of Tire Rubber Antioxidant 6PPD in Heterogeneous Gas-Phase Ozonation: Identification and Environmental Occurrence

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(14), С. 5621 - 5632

Опубликована: Март 30, 2023

6PPD, a tire rubber antioxidant, poses substantial ecological risks because it can form highly toxic quinone transformation product (TP), 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), during exposure to gas-phase ozone. Important data gaps exist regarding the structures, reaction mechanisms, and environmental occurrence of TPs from 6PPD ozonation. To address these gaps, ozonation was conducted over 24–168 h were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The probable structures proposed for 23 with 5 subsequently standard-verified. Consistent prior findings, 6PPDQ (C18H22N2O2) one major in (∼1 19% yield). Notably, not observed 6QDI (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine), indicating that formation does proceed through or associated TPs. Other included multiple C18H22N2O C18H22N2O2 isomers, presumptive N-oxide, N,N′-dioxide, orthoquinone structures. Standard-verified quantified roadway-impacted samples, total concentrations 130 ± 3.2 μg/g methanol extracts tread wear particles (TWPs), 34 4 μg/g-TWP aqueous TWP leachates, 2700 1500 ng/L roadway runoff, 1900 1200 creeks. These demonstrate are likely an important ubiquitous class contaminants environments.

Язык: Английский

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6PPD and its metabolite 6PPDQ induce different developmental toxicities and phenotypes in embryonic zebrafish

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 455, С. 131601 - 131601

Опубликована: Май 8, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Screening p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants, Their Transformation Products, and Industrial Chemical Additives in Crumb Rubber and Elastomeric Consumer Products

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(7), С. 2779 - 2791

Опубликована: Фев. 9, 2023

Recently, roadway releases of

Язык: Английский

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Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10(10), С. 815 - 823

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a chemical added to tires prevent their oxidative degradation. 6PPD highly reactive with ozone and oxygen, leading the formation of transformation products such as quinone (6PPDQ) on tire surfaces and, subsequently, in road wear particles. 6PPDQ toxicant that has been found roadway runoff receiving water systems. Its presence municipal stormwater led acute mortality coho salmon during migration urban creeks reproduce, generating global interest studying its occurrence toxicity environment. This review aims provide critical overview current state knowledge 6PPDQ, assisting researchers policymakers understanding potential impacts this emerging environment human health. As there are many unanswered questions surrounding further research needed. highlights importance including regulations for 6PPD, well all synthetic chemicals concern.

Язык: Английский

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Urine Excretion, Organ Distribution, and Placental Transfer of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in Mice and Potential Developmental Toxicity through Nuclear Receptor Pathways

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(36), С. 13429 - 13438

Опубликована: Авг. 29, 2023

The rubber antioxidant 6PPD has gained significant attention due to its highly toxic transformation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). Despite their detection in urines of pregnant women, the placental transfer and developmental toxicity 6PPDQ are unknown. Here, we treated C57Bl/6 mice with 4 mg/kg or investigate urine excretion transfer. Female male exhibited sex difference profiles 6PPDQ. Urine concentrations were one order magnitude lower than those 6PPD, suggesting higher bioaccumulation In from embryonic day 11.5 15.5, showed ∼1.5–8 times placenta, embryo body, brain, Using vitro dual-luciferase reporter assays, revealed that activated human retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) retinoid X (RXRα) at as low 0.3 μM, which was ∼10-fold detected urines. RXRα 1.2 μM. These results demonstrate exposure risks during pregnancy emphasize need for further toxicological epidemiological investigations.

Язык: Английский

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Where the rubber meets the road: Emerging environmental impacts of tire wear particles and their chemical cocktails

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 927, С. 171153 - 171153

Опубликована: Март 7, 2024

About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million become waste annually. Global dependence upon from natural rubber petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent complex environmental problem with only partial often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, chemical compounds, which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic routes built environments. Production use generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, other that can toxic alone or as cocktails. Used require storage space, energy intensive to recycle, generally have few post-wear uses not also potential sources pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). particles emitted during major component microplastics urban runoff source unique highly potent substances. Thus, represent ubiquitous pollutant requires comprehensive examination develop effective management remediation. We approach issue pollution holistically by examining life cycle across production, emissions, recycling, disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research data human health risks associated use, disposal discuss gaps our knowledge fate transport, well toxicology leachates. examine remediation approaches for addressing exposure tires. consider three levels: their state, particulates, mixture Finally, information understanding outline key questions improve ability manage remediate pollution.

Язык: Английский

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