Algae–bacteria interactions: Evolution, ecology and emerging applications

Biotechnology Advances, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 34(1), С. 14 - 29

Опубликована: Дек. 4, 2015

Algae and bacteria have coexisted ever since the early stages of evolution. This coevolution has revolutionized life on earth in many aspects. together influence ecosystems as varied deep seas to lichens represent all conceivable modes interactions - from mutualism parasitism. Several studies shown that algae synergistically affect each other's physiology metabolism, a classic case being algae-roseobacter interaction. These are ubiquitous define primary productivity most ecosystems. In recent years, received much attention for industrial exploitation but their interaction with is often considered contamination during commercialization. A few not only enhance algal growth also help flocculation, both essential processes biotechnology. Hence, there need understand these an evolutionary ecological standpoint, integrate this understanding use. Here we reflect diversity such relationships associated mechanisms, well habitats they mutually influence. review outlines role key events endosymbiosis, besides biogeochemical cycles. Finally, focus extending algal-bacterial various environmental bio-technological applications.

Язык: Английский

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Insights into the Coral Microbiome: Underpinning the Health and Resilience of Reef Ecosystems

Annual Review of Microbiology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 70(1), С. 317 - 340

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2016

Corals are fundamental ecosystem engineers, creating large, intricate reefs that support diverse and abundant marine life. At the core of a healthy coral animal is dynamic relationship with microorganisms, including mutually beneficial symbiosis photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) enduring partnerships an array bacterial, archaeal, fungal, protistan, viral associates, collectively termed holobiont. The combined genomes this holobiont form hologenome, genomic interactions within hologenome ultimately define phenotype. Here we integrate contemporary scientific knowledge regarding ecological, host-specific, environmental forces shaping diversity, specificity, distribution microbial symbionts holobiont, explore physiological pathways contribute to fitness, describe potential mechanisms for homeostasis. Understanding role microbiome in resilience, acclimation, adaptation new frontier reef science will require large-scale collaborative research efforts.

Язык: Английский

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Metagenomic analysis of stressed coral holobionts

Environmental Microbiology, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 11(8), С. 2148 - 2163

Опубликована: Апрель 22, 2009

The coral holobiont is the community of metazoans, protists and microbes associated with scleractinian corals. Disruptions in these associations have been correlated disease, but little known about series events involved shift from mutualism to pathogenesis. To evaluate structural functional changes microbial communities, Porites compressa was exposed four stressors: increased temperature, elevated nutrients, dissolved organic carbon loading reduced pH. Microbial metagenomic samples were collected pyrosequenced. Functional gene analysis demonstrated that stressors abundance genes virulence, stress resistance, sulfur nitrogen metabolism, motility chemotaxis, fatty acid lipid utilization, secondary metabolism. Relative taxonomy also coral-associated microbiota (Archaea, Bacteria, protists) shifted a healthy-associated (e.g. Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria zooxanthellae Symbiodinium) Bacteriodetes, Fusobacteria Fungi) often found on diseased Additionally, low-abundance Vibrio spp. significantly alter microbiome suggesting contribution just few members can profoundly health status holobiont.

Язык: Английский

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Nitrogen cycling in corals: the key to understanding holobiont functioning?

Trends in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 23(8), С. 490 - 497

Опубликована: Апрель 11, 2015

•Nitrogen cycling in reef-building corals is a function of all holobiont members.•Control nitrogen may stabilize functioning under oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions.•Anthropogenic change sway the control cycling, promoting coral decline.•Elevated fixation rates foster bleaching disease. Corals are animals that form close mutualistic associations with endosymbiotic photosynthetic algae genus Symbiodinium. Together they provide calcium carbonate framework reef ecosystems. The importance microbiome (i.e., bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) to has only recently been recognized. Given growth density Symbiodinium within host highly dependent on availability, nitrogen-cycling microbes be fundamental stability coral–algae symbiosis functioning, particular nutrient-enriched -depleted scenarios. We summarize what known about conclude disturbance microbial tightly linked Tropical commonly flourish nutrient-poor environments. contradiction high productivity one hand limited nutrient availability other coined 'Darwin Paradox' reference its first observer [1Darwin C. Structure Distribution Coral Reefs. Smith, Elder Co, 1842Google Scholar, 2Sammarco P.W. et al.Cross-continental shelf trends δ15N Great Barrier Reef: further consideration paradox.Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1999; 180: 131-138Crossref Scopus (76) Google Scholar]. efficient uptake recycling nutrients by organisms can help explain this paradox [3De Goeij J.M. al.Surviving marine desert: sponge loop retains resources reefs.Science. 2013; 342: 108-111Crossref PubMed (489) 4Wild al.Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier particle trap ecosystem.Nature. 2004; 428: 66-70Crossref (442) Particularly for corals, association between animal dinoflagellate enables effective use retention photosynthates, is, photosynthetically fixed carbon [5Muscatine L. Porter J.W. Reef corals: symbioses adapted environments.Bioscience. 1977; 27: 454-460Crossref their algal symbionts, associated variety microorganisms, including protozoans, bacteria [6Ainsworth T.D. al.The future reefs: perspective.Trends Evol. 2010; 25: 233-240Abstract Full Text PDF (175) 7Rohwer F. al.Diversity distribution coral-associated bacteria.Mar. 2002; 243: 1-10Crossref (857) Scholar], assemblage termed (see Glossary). resulting meta-organism represents complex interactive system potential extend physiological capabilities [8Rosenberg E. role microorganisms health, disease evolution.Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007; 5: 355-362Crossref (913) Hence, knowledge underlying mechanisms interactions essential comprehend response environmental change, such ocean acidification, warming, eutrophication. Distinct assemblages surface layer, tissue, gastro-vascular cavity, skeleton This habitats results diverse where potentially perform multitude services fixation, metabolism, sulfur antimicrobial defense among many others 9Wegley al.Metagenomic analysis community Porites astreoides.Environ. 9: 2707-2719Crossref (400) 10Kimes N.E. al.Microbial functional structure Montastraea faveolata, important Caribbean coral, differs healthy yellow-band diseased colonies.Environ. 12: 541-556Crossref (133) 11Krediet C.J. al.Coral-associated micro-organisms roles health thwarting diseases.Proc. Biol. Sci. 280: 20122328Crossref (194) Owing different groups holobiont, have evolved enable intergenerational transfer specific ensure offspring fitness [12Ceh J. al.Intergenerational possible implications fitness.Microb. 65: 227-231Crossref (40) 13Hirose M. al.Timing process entry zooxanthellae into oocytes hermatypic corals.Coral 2001; 20: 273-280Crossref (43) vertical presumably facilitated evolution host-specific persistent communities [14Bayer T. red sea stylophora pistillata dominated tissue-associated endozoicomonas bacteria.Appl. Environ. 79: 4759-4762Crossref (188) 15Roder al.Bacterial profiling white plague comparative species framework.ISME 2014; 8: 31-39Crossref (99) 16Lema K.A. al.Corals characteristic symbiotic nitrogen-fixing 2012; 78: 3136-3144Crossref (177) 17Lema al.Amplicon pyrosequencing reveals spatial temporal consistency diazotroph Acropora millepora microbiome.Environ. 16: 3345-3349Crossref (69) 18Lema K.a. al.Onset establishment diazotrophs bacterial associates early life history stages millepora.Mol. 23: 4682-4695Crossref (71) In context, Reshef al. [19Reshef probiotic hypothesis.Environ. 2006; 2068-2073Crossref (418) Scholar] proposed hypothesis – stating that, despite presence consistent communities, alterations rapidly adjust conditions (Box 1).Box 1The hypothesisCorals harbor archaea bacteria. Changing alter composition abundance rapidly. colleagues 'coral hypothesis' dynamic relationship selects most advantageous varying conditions. Therefore, shifts facilitate adjustment changing considerably faster than mutation selection alone. implies combined rather individual members unit natural selection, led development 'hologenome theory evolution' Scholar].Some studies suggest changes acting select partners which beneficial [94Silverstein R.N. al.Change symbiont after bleaching, not prior heat exposure, increases tolerance corals.Glob. Change 2015; 21: 236-249Crossref 95Hume B.C.C. al.Symbiodinium thermophilum sp. nov., thermotolerant alga prevalent world's hottest sea, Persian/Arabian Gulf.Sci. Rep. 8562Crossref (171) particular, resistance lack adaptive immune system, highlights [96Nissimov al.Antimicrobial properties resident Oculina patagonica.FEMS Lett. 2009; 292: 210-215Crossref Scholar].It shown affect [46Rädecker N. al.Ocean acidification reduces dinitrogen Seriatopora hystrix.Mar. 511: 297-302Crossref (28) soft supplement reduced Red Sea [97Bednarz V.N. al.Seasonal variation oxygen fluxes two dominant zooxanthellate from northern Sea.Mar. 519: 141-152Crossref (36) It likely these capacity microbiome. accordance hypothesis, serve means adapt availability. Some appear ubiquitous 20Olson N.D. Lesser M.P. Diazotrophic diversity cavernosa.Arch. 195: 853-859Crossref (26) 21Fiore C.L. al.Nitrogen transformations symbioses.Trends 18: 455-463Abstract (149) production [22Falkowski P.G. al.Population corals.Bioscience. 1993; 43: 606-611Crossref (311) 23Béraud scleractinian Turbinaria reniformis thermal stress depends status holobiont.J. Exp. 216: 2665-2674Crossref (64) factors crucial acquisition sustain primary photosynthesis). review we current symbiosis. Furthermore, discuss effects pathways focus putative occurrence deleterious assimilation nitrogen. Heterotrophic feeding meet large part requirements if sufficient food available [24Houlbrèque Ferrier-Pagès Heterotrophy tropical corals.Biol. Camb. Philos. Soc. 84: 1-17Crossref (430) addition, acquire forms foundation holobionts shallow-water reefs. association, phototrophic dinoflagellates photosynthates host. However, translocated referred 'junk food' because show C:N ratio therefore require additional supplementation [25Falkowski P. al.Light bioenergetics coral.Bioscience. 1984; 34: 705-709Crossref benefit inorganic released metabolic waste products 26Rahav O. al.Ammonium metabolism Stylophora pistillata.Proc. 1989; 236: 325-337Crossref Their utilization dissolved (DIN) facilitates surrounding seawater. Although both enzymatic machinery incorporate ammonium, account environment, mainly ammonium (NH4+) nitrate (NO3−) [27Pernice al.A single-cell view coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis.ISME 6: 1314-1324Crossref (172) nitrogen, together host-derived compounds, either stored or used partially organic example, amino acids [28Wang J.T. Douglas a.E. Essential acid synthesis alga-invertebrate symbiosis.Mar. 135: 219-222Crossref (108) 29Kopp al.Highly cellular-level sudden increase nitrogen.mBio. 4: 1-9Crossref (1) 30Reynaud S. al.Effect light isotopic coral: recycling.Mar. 392: 103-110Crossref thus compounds sources reefs, however, underlies strong seasonal diel variations, affected anthropogenic activities [31D'Angelo Wiedenmann Impacts enrichment new perspectives coastal management survival.Curr. Opin. Sustain. 7: 82-93Crossref (267) Consequently, internal regulation need place fluctuations. At least three identified exert over symbionts: (i) so-called release (HRFs), trigger freshly isolated [32Gates R.D. al.Free exhibit anthozoan 'host factor' activity: induce photosynthate vitro.Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 1995; 92: 7430-7434Crossref (117) 33Wang A.E. Nutrients, signals, algae.Plant Physiol. 1997; 114: 631-636Crossref (102) 34Cook C.B. Davy S.K. Are free responsible extracts tissue?.Hydrobiologia. 461: 71-78Crossref (29) These HRFs nutrition (via unknown mechanisms). (ii) Control numbers degradation/digestion [35Titlyanov E.A. al.Degradation corals.Mar. 1996; 139: 167-178Crossref (121) Via contained symbionts. (iii) limiting Nitrogen limitation regulate cell division faster-proliferating match those [36Yellowlees D. al.Metabolic symbionts invertebrate hosts.Plant Cell 2008; 31: 679-694Crossref (357) 37Muscatine effect external population dynamics coral.Proc. R. Lond. B: 311-324Crossref (250) translocation maintain favorable proceeds intense environments [38Dubinsky Z. Jokiel P.L. Ratio regulates corals.Pac. 1994; 48: 313-324Google [39Wiedenmann al.Nutrient susceptibility bleaching.Nat. Clim. Change. 2: 1-5Crossref showed shift away excess provision ultimately result phosphate starvation, stress-mediated loss (coral bleaching). low specifically seems production, while simultaneously controlling growth. ability assimilate suggested allow more seawater maintaining diffusion gradient enabling 36Yellowlees 40Wooldridge S.A. Breakdown coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising linkage warm-water thresholds rate intracellular zooxanthellae.Biogeosciences. 10: 1647-1658Crossref (83) same time, symbiosome pH ions [41Barott K.L. cells acidify microenvironment promote photosynthesis.Proc. 112: 607-612Crossref (100) mechanism contributing stabilization, conversely destabilization, reefs net [42Webb al.Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll: aspects cycle reef.Limnol. Oceanogr. 1975; 198-210Crossref (97) words conversion elemental (N2) substrates (e.g., sand, rock, rubble) benthic macroalgae, sponges) [21Fiore 43Cardini U. al.Benthic N2 human-induced change.Ecol. 1706-1727Crossref (63) input ecosystem helps compensate export instance currents [44Wiebe W.J. community.Science. 188: 257-259Crossref (124) reported several [45Shashar (acetylene reduction) stony evidence coral-bacteria interactions.Mar. 111: 259-264Crossref (142) 46Rädecker 47Grover corals.J. 217: 3962-3963Crossref (25) 48Lesser cyanobacteria provides source cavernosa.Mar. 346: 143-152Crossref (197) suggesting relevance holobiont. magnitude lower found sediments bare rock [43Cardini minor contributors overall budget For long were believed main drivers [49Lesser al.Discovery corals.Science. 305: 997-1000Crossref (351) 50Williams W.M. living variabilis.Mar. 1987; 94: 531-535Crossref 51Crossland Barnes D.J. Acetylene reduction skeletons.Limnol. 1976; 153-156Crossref (27) but recent revealed archaea) consisting mostly heterotrophic [16Lema 52Olson al.Diazotrophic Hawaiian Montipora correlation dinoflagellates.J. Mar. 371: 140-146Crossref (112) species-specific space time Moreover, Lema [18Lema parental colonies larvae, Alphaproteobacteria group Rhizobiales. suggests functioning. compartments Symbiodinium) quantified yet, contribute supply [48Lesser cyan

Язык: Английский

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Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMC): Proposed Mechanisms for Coral Health and Resilience

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 8

Опубликована: Март 7, 2017

The symbiotic association between the coral animal and its endosymbiotic dinoflagellate partner Symbiodinium is central to success of corals. However, an array other microorganisms associated with (i.e., Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi viruses) have a complex intricate role in maintaining homeostasis corals Symbiodinium. Corals are sensitive shifts surrounding environmental conditions. One most widely reported responses stressful conditions bleaching. During this event, expel cells from their gastrodermal tissues upon experiencing extended seawater temperatures above thermal threshold. An stressors can also destabilize microbiome, resulting compromised health host, which may include disease mortality worst scenario. exact mechanisms by microbiome supports increases resilience poorly understood. Earlier studies microbiology proposed probiotic hypothesis, wherein dynamic relationship exists microorganisms, selecting for holobiont that best suited prevailing Here, we discuss microbial-host relationships within holobiont, along potential roles health. We propose term BMC (Beneficial Microorganisms Corals) define (specific) symbionts promote This concept analogous Plant Growth Promoting Rhizosphere (PGPR), has been explored manipulated agricultural industry inhabit rhizosphere directly or indirectly plant growth development through production regulatory signals, antibiotics nutrients. Additionally, effects on corals, suggesting strategies use knowledge manipulate reversing dysbiosis restore protect reefs. developing using consortia as "probiotics" improve resistance after bleaching events and/or such human-assisted acclimation/adaption shifting

Язык: Английский

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Coral-Associated Bacteria and Their Role in the Biogeochemical Cycling of Sulfur

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 75(11), С. 3492 - 3501

Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2009

Marine bacteria play a central role in the degradation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and acrylic acid, DMS being critical cloud formation thereby cooling effects on climate. High concentrations DMSP have been reported scleractinian coral tissues although, date, there no investigations into influence these organic sulfur compounds coral-associated bacteria. Two species, Montipora aequituberculata Acropora millepora, were sampled their bacterial communities characterized by both culture-dependent molecular techniques. Four genera, Roseobacter, Spongiobacter, Vibrio, Alteromonas, which isolated media with either or as sole carbon source, comprised majority clones retrieved from mucus tissue 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Clones affiliated Roseobacter sp. constituted 28% M. libraries, while 59% A. millepora libraries sequences related Spongiobacter genus. Vibrio spp. commonly acid enrichments also present mucus, suggesting that under "normal" environmental conditions, they are natural component communities. Genes homologous dddD, dddL, previously implicated degradation, strains, confirming associated corals potential metabolize this compound when tissues. Our results demonstrate DMSP, DMS, potentially act nutrient sources for likely structuring corals, important consequences health reef ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Microbial disease and the coral holobiont

Trends in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 17(12), С. 554 - 562

Опубликована: Окт. 13, 2009

Язык: Английский

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The Second Skin: Ecological Role of Epibiotic Biofilms on Marine Organisms

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 3

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2012

In the aquatic environment, biofilms on solid surfaces are omnipresent. The outer body surface of marine organisms often represents a highly active interface between host and biofilm. Since living have capacity to affect fluxes information, energy, matter across host's surface, they an important ecological potential modulate abiotic biotic interactions host. Here we review existing evidence how epibiotic their hosts' ecology by altering properties processes its surfaces. Biofilms huge reduce access light, gases, and/or nutrients interaction with further foulers, consumers, or pathogens. These effects may intensely interact environmental conditions. quality biofilm's impact vary from detrimental beneficial according identity partners, type considered, prevailing concludes some unresolved but questions future perspectives.

Язык: Английский

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Bacterial diversity and White Plague Disease-associated community changes in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata

The ISME Journal, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 3(5), С. 512 - 521

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2009

Язык: Английский

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Metaorganisms as the new frontier

Zoology, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 114(4), С. 185 - 190

Опубликована: Июль 7, 2011

Язык: Английский

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