Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 15(6), С. 595 - 609

Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2018

Microbial cells significantly outnumber human in the body, and microbial flora at mucosal sites are shaped by environmental factors and, less intuitively, act on host immune responses, as demonstrated experimental data germ-free gnotobiotic studies. Our understanding of this link stems from established connection between infectious bacteria tolerance breakdown, observed rheumatic fever triggered Streptococci via molecular mimicry, epitope spread bystander effects. The availability high-throughput techniques has advanced our capacity to sequence microbiome variable degrees dysbiosis numerous autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis liver disease. It remains unknown whether differences related disease pathogenesis or follow therapeutic inflammatory changes thus mere epiphenomena. In fact, there only limited mechanisms linking microbiota autoimmunity, therapeutics is being investigated prevent halt diseases. As a putative mechanism, it particular interest that apoptosis intestinal epithelial response stimuli enables presentation self-antigens, giving rise differentiation autoreactive Th17 other T helper cells. This comprehensive review will illustrate demonstrating crosstalk innate adaptive immunity, with an emphasis how may influence systemic autoimmunity. particular, gut–liver axis involving hepatic autoimmunity elucidated paradigm, considering its anatomic physiological connections.

Язык: Английский