Journal of Nutrition,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
149(11), С. 1882 - 1895
Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2019
On
December
17,
2018,
the
North
American
branch
of
International
Life
Sciences
Institute
(ILSI
America)
convened
a
workshop
"Can
We
Begin
to
Define
Healthy
Gut
Microbiome
Through
Quantifiable
Characteristics?"
with
>40
invited
academic,
government,
and
industry
experts
in
Washington,
DC.
The
objectives
were
1)
develop
collective
expert
assessment
state
evidence
on
human
gut
microbiome
associated
health
benefits,
2)
see
if
there
was
sufficient
establish
measurable
characteristics
that
could
serve
as
indicators
"health,"
3)
identify
short-
long-term
research
needs
fully
characterize
healthy
microbiome–host
relationships,
4)
publish
findings.
Conclusions
follows:
mechanistic
links
specific
changes
structure
function
or
markers
are
not
yet
established;
it
is
established
dysbiosis
cause,
consequence,
both
epithelial
disease;
communities
highly
individualized,
show
high
degree
interindividual
variation
perturbation,
tend
be
stable
over
years;
complexity
microbiome-host
interactions
requires
comprehensive,
multidisciplinary
agenda
elucidate
relationships
between
host
health;
5)
biomarkers
and/or
surrogate
pathogenic
processes
based
need
determined
validated,
along
normal
ranges,
using
approaches
similar
those
used
metabolic
phenotypes;
6)
future
studies
measuring
responses
an
exposure
intervention
combine
validated
microbiome-related
multiomics
characterization
microbiome;
7)
because
static
genetic
sampling
misses
important
dynamic
health,
must
powered
account
for
inter-
intraindividual
should
use
repeated
measures
within
individuals.
Microbial
roles
in
cancer
formation,
diagnosis,
prognosis,
and
treatment
have
been
disputed
for
centuries.
Recent
studies
provocatively
claimed
that
bacteria,
viruses,
and/or
fungi
are
pervasive
among
cancers,
key
actors
immunotherapy,
engineerable
to
treat
metastases.
Despite
these
findings,
the
number
of
microbes
known
directly
cause
carcinogenesis
remains
small.
Critically
evaluating
building
frameworks
such
evidence
light
modern
biology
is
an
important
task.
In
this
Review,
we
delineate
between
causal
complicit
trace
common
themes
their
influence
through
host's
immune
system,
herein
defined
as
immuno-oncology-microbiome
axis.
We
further
review
intratumoral
approaches
manipulate
gut
or
tumor
microbiome
while
projecting
next
phase
experimental
discovery.
Metabolic
regulation
of
microbiota
The
gut
affects
human
health,
but
we
are
only
just
beginning
to
develop
a
mechanistic
understanding
some
the
host-microbe
interactions
involved.
Litvak
et
al.
review
how
host
colon
epithelial
cells
mediate
symbiosis.
Healthy
colonocytes
maintain
anaerobic
conditions
in
lumen
because
their
metabolism
ensures
rapid
oxygen
consumption.
Such
select
for
obligate
organisms.
These
tend
be
those
that
consume
dietary
fiber
and
produce
short-chain
fatty
acids
beneficial
host.
If
there
is
shift
colonocyte
metabolism—because
disease,
diet,
or
other
damage—the
epithelium
becomes
oxygenated.
presence
allows
expansion
facultative
aerobic
Microbes
genera
include
pathogens
often
oxygen-tolerant,
dysbiosis
can
result.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
eaat9076
New Phytologist,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
229(2), С. 1091 - 1104
Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2020
Plant
microbiomes
are
essential
to
host
health
and
productivity
but
the
ecological
processes
that
govern
crop
microbiome
assembly
not
fully
known.
Here
we
examined
bacterial
communities
across
684
samples
from
soils
(rhizosphere
bulk
soil)
multiple
compartment
niches
(rhizoplane,
root
endosphere,
phylloplane,
leaf
endosphere)
in
maize
(Zea
mays)-wheat
(Triticum
aestivum)/barley
(Hordeum
vulgare)
rotation
system
under
different
fertilization
practices
at
two
contrasting
sites.
Our
results
demonstrate
along
soil-plant
continuum
is
shaped
predominantly
by
niche
species
rather
than
site
or
practice.
From
epiphytes
endophytes,
selection
pressure
sequentially
increased
diversity
network
complexity
consequently
reduced,
with
strongest
effect
endosphere.
Source
tracking
indicates
mainly
derived
gradually
enriched
filtered
plant
niches.
Moreover,
were
dominated
a
few
dominant
taxa
(c.
0.5%
of
phylotypes),
bacilli
identified
as
important
biomarker
for
wheat
barley
Methylobacteriaceae
maize.
work
provides
comprehensive
empirical
evidence
on
selection,
potential
sources
enrichment
assembly,
has
implications
future
management
manipulation
sustainable
agriculture.
The
recognition
that
all
macroorganisms
live
in
symbiotic
association
with
microbial
communities
has
opened
up
a
new
field
biology.
Animals,
plants,
and
algae
are
now
considered
holobionts,
complex
ecosystems
consisting
of
the
host,
microbiota,
interactions
among
them.
Accordingly,
ecological
concepts
can
be
applied
to
understand
host-derived
processes
govern
dynamics
interactive
networks
within
holobiont.
In
marine
systems,
holobionts
further
integrated
into
larger
more
ecosystems,
concept
referred
as
"nested
ecosystems."
this
review,
we
discuss
dynamic
interact
at
multiple
scales
respond
environmental
change.
We
focus
on
symbiosis
sponges
their
communities—a
resulted
one
most
diverse
environment.
recent
years,
sponge
microbiology
remarkably
advanced
terms
curated
databases,
standardized
protocols,
information
functions
microbiota.
Like
Russian
doll,
these
translated
holobiont
impact
surrounding
ecosystem.
For
example,
sponge-associated
metabolisms,
fueled
by
high
filtering
capacity
substantially
affect
biogeochemical
cycling
key
nutrients
like
carbon,
nitrogen,
phosphorous.
Since
increasingly
threatened
anthropogenic
stressors
jeopardize
stability
ecosystem,
link
between
perturbations,
dysbiosis,
diseases.
Experimental
studies
suggest
community
composition
is
tightly
linked
health,
but
whether
dysbiosis
cause
or
consequence
collapse
remains
unresolved.
Moreover,
potential
role
microbiome
mediating
for
acclimate
adapt
change
unknown.
Future
should
aim
identify
mechanisms
underlying
scales,
from
develop
management
strategies
preserve
provided
our
present
future
oceans.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
42(6), С. 761 - 780
Опубликована: Июль 25, 2018
Microbial
networks
are
an
increasingly
popular
tool
to
investigate
microbial
community
structure,
as
they
integrate
multiple
types
of
information
and
may
represent
systems-level
behaviour.
Interpreting
these
is
not
straightforward,
the
biological
implications
network
properties
unclear.
Analysis
allows
researchers
predict
hub
species
interactions.
Additionally,
such
analyses
can
help
identify
alternative
states
niches.
Here,
we
review
factors
that
result
in
spurious
predictions
address
emergent
be
meaningful
context
microbiome.
We
also
give
overview
studies
analyse
new
hypotheses.
Moreover,
show
a
simulation
how
affected
by
choice
environmental
factors.
For
example,
consistent
across
tools,
heterogeneity
induces
modularity.
highlight
need
for
robust
inference
suggest
strategies
infer
more
reliably.
The
human
gut
microbiome
is
a
complex
ecosystem,
densely
colonised
by
thousands
of
microbial
species.
It
varies
among
individuals
and
depends
on
host
genotype
environmental
factors,
such
as
diet
antibiotics.
In
this
review,
we
focus
stability
resilience
essential
ecological
characteristics
the
its
relevance
for
health.
Microbial
diversity,
metabolic
flexibility,
functional
redundancy,
microbe–microbe
host–microbe
interactions
seem
to
be
critical
maintaining
resilience.
equilibrium
ecosystem
can
disrupted
perturbations,
antibiotic
therapy,
causing
significant
decreases
in
richness
diversity
well
impacting
As
consequence,
unbalanced
states
or
even
unhealthy
stable
develop,
potentially
leading
supporting
diseases.
Accordingly,
strategies
have
been
developed
manipulate
order
prevent
revert
caused
including
faecal
microbiota
transplantation,
supplementation
with
probiotics
non-digestible
carbohydrates,
more
extensive
dietary
modifications.
Nevertheless,
an
increasing
number
studies
has
evidenced
interindividual
variability
extent
direction
response
which
attributed
unique
each
individual’s
microbiome.
From
clinical,
translational
perspective,
ability
improve
prior
restore
afterwards,
would
offer
benefits.
To
effective,
therapeutic
approach
will
likely
need
personalised
subgroup-based
understanding
individual
genetics,
diet,
other
factors
that
might
involved.
