Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 18(3), С. 1112 - 1112

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2021

Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, their remarkable increases products reported. The increase the world’s population 20th century could not possible without a parallel food About one-third of produced depending on application pesticides. Without use pesticides, there would be 78% loss fruit production, 54% vegetable 32% cereal Therefore, pesticides play critical role reducing diseases increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential discuss development process; historical perspective, types specific uses pesticides; pesticide behavior, its contamination, adverse effects natural environment. review study indicates that has long history many places around world. can divided into three periods time. classified different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes action, toxicity. kill pests using ingredients; hence, they also toxic other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial non-target plants, well air, water, soil, crops. Moreover, contamination moves away from target resulting environmental pollution. Such residues impact human health through contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors result increased usage this will provide scientific information necessary for management future.

Язык: Английский

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Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate

Science, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 361(6405), С. 916 - 919

Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2018

Insect pests substantially reduce yields of three staple grains-rice, maize, and wheat-but models assessing the agricultural impacts global warming rarely consider crop losses to insects. We use established relationships between temperature population growth metabolic rates insects estimate how where climate will augment rice, wheat Global yield these grains are projected increase by 10 25% per degree mean surface warming. Crop be most acute in areas increases both These conditions centered primarily temperate regions, grain is produced.

Язык: Английский

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Temperature and humidity based projections of a rapid rise in global heat stress exposure during the 21st century

Environmental Research Letters, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 13(1), С. 014001 - 014001

Опубликована: Дек. 8, 2017

As a result of global increases in both temperature and specific humidity, heat stress is projected to intensify throughout the 21st century. Some regions most susceptible dangerous humidity combinations are also among densely populated. Consequently, there potential for widespread exposure wet bulb temperatures that approach some cases exceed postulated theoretical limits human tolerance by mid- late-century. We project 2080 relative frequency present-day extreme events could rise factor 100–250 (approximately double change alone) tropics parts mid-latitudes, areas which contain approximately half world's population. In addition, population recent deadly waves may increase five ten, with 150–750 million person-days above those seen today's severe 2070–2080. Under RCP 8.5, 35 °C—the limit tolerance—could per year 2080. Limiting emissions follow 4.5 entirely eliminates threshold. affected regions, especially Northeast India coastal West Africa, currently have scarce cooling infrastructure, relatively low adaptive capacity, rapidly growing populations. coming decades prove be one widely experienced directly aspects climate change, posing threat health, energy outdoor activities ranging from agricultural production military training.

Язык: Английский

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Tropicalization of temperate ecosystems in North America: The northward range expansion of tropical organisms in response to warming winter temperatures

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(13), С. 3009 - 3034

Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2021

Tropicalization is a term used to describe the transformation of temperate ecosystems by poleward-moving tropical organisms in response warming temperatures. In North America, decreases frequency and intensity extreme winter cold events are expected allow poleward range expansion many cold-sensitive organisms, sometimes at expense organisms. Although ecologists have long noted critical ecological role temperature extremes tropical-temperate transition zones, effects been understudied, influence temperatures has too often left out climate change vulnerability assessments. Here, we examine on northward limits diverse group including terrestrial plants, coastal wetland fishes, sea turtles, reptiles, amphibians, manatees, insects. For these can lead major physiological damage or landscape-scale mass mortality. Conversely, absence foster population growth, expansion, regime shifts. We discuss winters species zones. 21st century, change-induced facilitate species. Our review highlights knowledge gaps for advancing understanding implications tropicalization America.

Язык: Английский

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Contributions of Quaternary botany to modern ecology and biogeography

Plant Ecology & Diversity, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 12(3-4), С. 189 - 385

Опубликована: Май 4, 2019

Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils (e.g. tree stumps), macrofossils seeds, leaves), and microfossils pollen, spores) preserved in peat bogs lake sediments. Although have been studied since the late eighteenth century, today is largely dominated by pollen analysis.Quaternary analysis just over 100 years old. It started primarily as a geological tool for correlation, relative dating, climate reconstruction. In 1950 major advance occurred with publication Knut Fægri Johs Iversen of their Text-book Modern Pollen Analysis which provided foundations botanical ecological past dynamics biota biotic systems. The development radiocarbon dating 1950s freed from being dating. As result these developments, became valuable implement long-term ecology biogeography.Selected contributions that has made to biogeography are reviewed. They fall into four general parts: (1) aspects interglacial glacial stages such location nature glacial-stage refugia soil glaciated unglaciated areas; (2) responses environmental change (spreading, extinction, persistence, adaptation); (3) topics potential niches, vegetation, forest dynamics; (4) its application human impact tropical systems, conservation changing world, island palaeoecology, plant–animal interactions, biodiversity patterns time.The future briefly discussed 10 suggestions presented help strengthen it links biogeography. much contribute when used conjunction new approaches ancient-DNA, molecular biomarkers, multi-proxy palaeoecology.

Язык: Английский

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Adjusting the lens of invasion biology to focus on the impacts of climate-driven range shifts

Nature Climate Change, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 10(5), С. 398 - 405

Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Risks from Climate Extremes Change Differently from 1.5°C to 2.0°C Depending on Rarity

Earth s Future, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 6(5), С. 704 - 715

Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2018

Abstract Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have agreed hold “increase in global average temperature well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursue efforts limit increase 1.5°C.” Comparison of costs benefits for different warming limits requires an understanding how risks vary between limits. As changes risk are often associated with exposure due projected local or regional climate extremes, we analyze differences extreme daily temperatures precipitation amounts under We show that would result substantially larger probabilities events than 1.5°C. For example, over land area, probability a warm occurs once every 20 years current is 130% 340% at 1.5°C 2.0°C levels, respectively (median values). Moreover, relative rarer, more events, implying assessments need carefully consider event thresholds which vulnerabilities occur.

Язык: Английский

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Evidence and attribution of the enhanced land carbon sink

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 4(8), С. 518 - 534

Опубликована: Июль 25, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Forest water-use efficiency: Effects of climate change and management on the coupling of carbon and water processes

Forest Ecology and Management, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 534, С. 120853 - 120853

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Recent pronounced warming on the Mongolian Plateau boosted by internal climate variability

Nature Geoscience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 17(3), С. 181 - 188

Опубликована: Фев. 14, 2024

Язык: Английский

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