Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Окт. 18, 2017
Over
the
past
decade
there
has
been
a
renaissance
in
our
understanding
of
spinal
cord
circuits;
new
technologies
are
beginning
to
provide
key
insights
into
descending
circuits
which
project
onto
central
pattern
generators.
By
integrating
work
from
both
locomotor
and
animal
behavioral
fields,
we
can
now
examine
context-specific
control
locomotion,
with
an
emphasis
on
modulation
arising
various
regions
brainstem.
Here
approach
avoidance
behaviors
that
lead
production
arrest
locomotion.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
117(39), С. 24022 - 24031
Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2020
The
recently
developed
new
genome-editing
technologies,
such
as
the
CRISPR/Cas
system,
have
opened
door
for
generating
genetically
modified
nonhuman
primate
(NHP)
models
basic
neuroscience
and
brain
disorders
research.
complex
circuit
formation
experience-dependent
refinement
of
human
are
very
difficult
to
model
in
vitro,
thus
require
use
vivo
whole-animal
models.
For
many
neurodevelopmental
psychiatric
disorders,
abnormal
might
be
at
center
their
pathophysiology.
Importantly,
critical
circuits
regional
cell
populations
implicated
higher
cognitive
function
not
present
lower
mammalian
brains,
while
these
analogous
areas
replicated
NHP
brains.
Indeed,
neuropsychiatric
represent
a
tremendous
health
economic
burden
globally.
emerging
field
has
potential
transform
our
study
dramatically
facilitate
development
effective
treatment
disorders.
In
this
paper,
we
discuss
importance
developing
models,
infrastructure
training
needed
maximize
impact
ethical
standards
required
using
Abstract
In
a
volatile
environment
where
rewards
are
uncertain,
successful
performance
requires
delicate
balance
between
exploitation
of
the
best
option
and
exploration
alternative
choices.
It
has
theoretically
been
proposed
that
dopamine
contributes
to
control
this
exploration-exploitation
trade-off,
specifically
higher
level
tonic
dopamine,
more
is
favored.
We
demonstrate
here
there
formal
relationship
rescaling
positive
reward
prediction
errors
trade-off
in
simple
non-stationary
multi-armed
bandit
tasks.
further
show
rats
performing
such
task
systemically
antagonizing
receptors
greatly
increases
number
random
choices
without
affecting
learning
capacities.
Simulations
comparison
set
different
computational
models
(an
extended
Q-learning
model,
directed
meta-learning
model)
fitted
on
each
individual
confirm
that,
independently
decreasing
dopaminergic
activity
does
not
affect
rate
but
equivalent
an
increase
rate.
This
study
shows
could
adapt
decision-making
when
facing
changing
environmental
contingencies.
Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
34(12), С. 108874 - 108874
Опубликована: Март 1, 2021
Exposure
to
prolonged
stress
in
critical
developmental
periods
induces
heightened
vulnerability
psychiatric
disorders,
which
may
have
sex-specific
consequences.
Here
we
investigate
the
neuronal
circuits
mediating
behavioral
changes
mice
after
chronic
adolescent
social
isolation
stress.
Escalated
aggression
is
exhibited
stressed
males,
while
withdrawal
shown
females.
In
vivo
multichannel
recordings
of
free-moving
animals
indicate
that
pyramidal
neurons
prefrontal
cortex
(PFC)
from
males
exhibit
significantly
decreased
spike
activity
during
aggressive
attacks,
PFC
females
show
a
blunted
increase
discharge
rates
sociability
tests.
Chemogenetic
and
electrophysiological
evidence
shows
hypofunctioning
BLA
principal
neuron
hyperactivity
contribute
elevated
VTA
dopamine
hypoactivity
diminished
These
results
establish
framework
for
understanding
circuit
physiological
mechanisms
underlying
divergent
effects
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
11(1)
Опубликована: Июль 28, 2020
Abstract
People
and
other
animals
learn
the
values
of
choices
by
observing
contingencies
between
them
their
outcomes.
However,
decisions
are
not
guided
choice-linked
reward
associations
alone;
macaques
also
maintain
a
memory
general,
average
rate
–
global
state
in
an
environment.
Remarkably,
affects
way
that
each
choice
outcome
is
valued
influences
future
so
impact
both
success
failure
different
rich
poor
environments.
Successful
more
likely
to
be
repeated
but
this
especially
case
Unsuccessful
abandoned
Functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(fMRI)
revealed
two
distinct
patterns
activity,
one
anterior
insula
dorsal
raphe
nucleus,
track
as
well
specific
events.
Current Biology,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
31(1), С. 39 - 50.e4
Опубликована: Окт. 30, 2020
A
frequent
assumption
in
value-based
decision-making
tasks
is
that
agents
make
decisions
based
on
the
feature
dimension
reward
probabilities
vary
on.
However,
complex,
multidimensional
environments,
stimuli
can
multiple
dimensions
at
once,
meaning
deserving
most
credit
for
outcomes
not
always
obvious.
As
a
result,
individuals
may
strategies
used
to
sample
across
dimensions,
and
these
have
an
unrecognized
influence
decision-making.
Sex
proxy
genetic
endocrine
influences
behavior,
including
how
environments
are
sampled.
In
this
study,
we
examined
adopted
by
female
male
mice
as
they
learned
value
of
varied
both
image
location
visually
cued
two-armed
bandit,
allowing
two
possible
learn
about.
Female
acquired
correct
image-value
associations
more
quickly
than
mice,
preferring
fundamentally
different
strategy.
were
likely
constrain
their
decision-space
early
learning
preferentially
sampling
one
over
which
images
varied.
Conversely,
be
inconsistent,
changing
choice
frequently
responding
immediate
experience
stochastic
rewards.
Individual
related
sex-biased
changes
neuronal
activation
learning.
Together,
find
sex
associated
with
divergent
about
world,
revealing
substantial
variability
approaches
implemented
during
decision
making.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2021
The
dietary
pattern
in
industrialized
countries
has
changed
substantially
over
the
past
century
due
to
technological
advances
agriculture,
food
processing,
storage,
marketing,
and
distribution
practices.
availability
of
highly
palatable,
calorically
dense
foods
that
are
shelf-stable
facilitated
a
environment
where
overconsumption
have
high
percentage
calories
derived
from
fat
(particularly
saturated
fat)
sugar
is
extremely
common
modern
Westernized
societies.
In
addition
being
predictor
obesity
metabolic
dysfunction,
consumption
Western
diet
(WD)
related
poorer
cognitive
performance
across
lifespan.
particular,
WD
during
critical
early
life
stages
development
negative
consequences
on
various
abilities
later
adulthood.
This
review
highlights
rodent
model
research
identifying
dietary,
metabolic,
neurobiological
mechanisms
linking
periods
(gestation,
lactation,
juvenile
adolescence)
with
behavioral
impairments
multiple
domains,
including
anxiety-like
behavior,
learning
memory
function,
reward-motivated
social
behavior.
literature
supports
which
leads
long-lasting
neurocognitive
largely
dissociable
effects
dysfunction.
Adaptive
reward-related
decision
making
requires
accurate
prospective
consideration
of
the
specific
outcome
each
option
and
its
current
desirability.
These
mental
simulations
are
informed
by
stored
memories
associative
relationships
that
exist
within
an
environment.
In
this
review,
I
discuss
recent
investigations
function
circuitry
between
basolateral
amygdala
(BLA)
lateral
(lOFC)
medial
(mOFC)
orbitofrontal
cortex
in
learning
use
reward
memories.
draw
conclusions
from
data
collected
using
sophisticated
behavioral
approaches
to
diagnose
content
appetitive
memory
combination
with
modern
circuit
dissection
tools.
propose
that,
via
their
direct
bidirectional
connections,
BLA
OFC
collaborate
help
us
encode
detailed,
outcome-specific,
state-dependent
those
enable
predictions
inferences
support
adaptive
making.
Whereas
lOFC→BLA
projections
mediate
encoding
outcome-specific
memories,
mOFC→BLA
regulate
ability
these
inform
pursuit
decisions.
lOFC
mOFC
both
contribute
guide
The
BLA→lOFC
pathway
mediates
represent
identity
a
predicted
BLA→mOFC
facilitates
understanding
value
events.
Thus,
outline
neuronal
architecture
for
provide
new
testable
hypotheses
as
well
implications
maladaptive
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
46(1), С. 267 - 279
Опубликована: Окт. 6, 2023
Ensuring
safety
and
achieving
human-level
driving
performance
remain
challenges
for
autonomous
vehicles,
especially
in
safety-critical
situations.
As
a
key
component
of
artificial
intelligence,
reinforcement
learning
is
promising
has
shown
great
potential
many
complex
tasks;
however,
its
lack
guarantees
limits
real-world
applicability.
Hence,
further
advancing
learning,
from
the
perspective,
importance
driving.
revealed
by
cognitive
neuroscientists,
amygdala
brain
can
elicit
defensive
responses
against
threats
or
hazards,
which
crucial
survival
adaptation
to
risky
environments.
Drawing
inspiration
this
scientific
discovery,
we
present
fear-neuro-inspired
framework
realize
safe
through
modeling
functionality.
This
new
technique
facilitates
an
agent
learn
behaviors
achieve
decision
making
with
fewer
violations.
Through
experimental
tests,
show
that
proposed
approach
enables
attain
state-of-the-art
compared
baseline
agents
perform
comparably
30
certified
human
drivers,
across
various
scenarios.
The
results
demonstrate
feasibility
effectiveness
our
while
also
shedding
light
on
role
simulating
function
application
domains.