A Drosophila computational brain model reveals sensorimotor processing

Nature, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 634(8032), С. 210 - 219

Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2024

Язык: Английский

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The Investigation of the Cardiovascular and Sudomotor Autonomic Nervous System—A Review

Frontiers in Neurology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 10

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2019

The autonomic nervous system is extremely diffuse with its pathways permeating all organ systems. So the central part and sympathetic parasympathetic efferent systems involved virtually diseases. cardiovascular most frequently examined because biosignals like heart frequency blood pressure can be easily recorded important diagnostic prognostic information drawn from their analysis. clinical approach before any special testing begins a detailed history examination. Subjects should adequately prepared to minimize effects of confounding variables. As no single test sufficiently reliable, it recommended use battery different tests evaluate function. A reasonable involves rate response deep breathing as well valsalva maneuver, tilt or pressor stimuli. More are carotid sinus massage, assessment baroreceptor reflex function, pharmacological cardiac regional hemodynamic measurements. Although less widely established, sudomotor pose useful supplement impaired neurogenic sweating belongs earliest signs various neuropathies neurodegenerative disorders significantly reduces quality life. Techniques measure functional integrity nerves include quantitative axon sweat test, analysis skin thermoregulatory test. In addition these rather established techniques more recent developments have been introduced reduce technical demands interindividual variability such direct indirect sudoscan. However, accuracy remains determined. We reviewed current literature on currently available focus physiological mechanisms value in scientific setting.

Язык: Английский

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Single-cell transcriptomic evidence for dense intracortical neuropeptide networks

eLife, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 8

Опубликована: Ноя. 11, 2019

Seeking new insights into the homeostasis, modulation and plasticity of cortical synaptic networks, we have analyzed results from a single-cell RNA-seq study 22,439 mouse neocortical neurons. Our analysis exposes transcriptomic evidence for dozens molecularly distinct neuropeptidergic modulatory networks that directly interconnect all This begins with discovery transcripts one or more neuropeptide precursor (NPP) neuropeptide-selective G-protein-coupled receptor (NP-GPCR) genes are highly abundant in all, very nearly Individual neurons express diverse subsets NP signaling palettes encoding 18 NPPs 29 NP-GPCRs. These 47 comprise 37 cognate NPP/NP-GPCR pairs, implying likelihood local signaling. Here, use neuron-type-specific patterns gene expression to offer specific, testable predictions regarding peptidergic neuromodulatory may play prominent roles homeostasis plasticity.

Язык: Английский

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Stress Accelerates Defensive Responses to Looming in Mice and Involves a Locus Coeruleus-Superior Colliculus Projection

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 28(6), С. 859 - 871.e5

Опубликована: Март 1, 2018

Defensive responses to threatening stimuli are crucial the survival of species. While expression these is considered be instinctive and unconditional, their magnitude may affected by environmental internal factors. The neural circuits underlying this modulation still largely unknown. In mice, looming-evoked defensive mediated superior colliculus (SC), a subcortical sensorimotor integration center. We found that repeated stress caused an anxiety-like state in mice accelerated looming. Stress also induced c-fos activation locus coeruleus (LC) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons modified adrenergic receptor SC, suggesting possible Th::LC-SC projection involved responses. Indeed, both anterograde retrograde tracing confirmed anatomical SC-projecting TH+ LC were activated stress. Optogenetic stimulation either or fibers behaviors Meanwhile, chemogenetic inhibition infusion antagonist SC abolished enhanced looming after stress, confirming necessity pathway. These findings suggest pathway plays key role sophisticated adjustments changes physiological states.

Язык: Английский

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Nitric oxide acts as a cotransmitter in a subset of dopaminergic neurons to diversify memory dynamics

eLife, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 8

Опубликована: Ноя. 14, 2019

Animals employ diverse learning rules and synaptic plasticity dynamics to record temporal statistical information about the world. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this diversity are poorly understood. The anatomically defined compartments of insect mushroom body function as parallel units associative learning, with different rates, memory decay flexibility (Aso Rubin, 2016). Here, we show that nitric oxide (NO) acts a neurotransmitter in subset dopaminergic neurons Drosophila . NO’s effects develop more slowly than those dopamine depend on soluble guanylate cyclase postsynaptic Kenyon cells. NO antagonistically dopamine; it shortens retention facilitates rapid updating memories. interplay enables memories stored local domains along cell axons be specialized for predicting value odors based only recent events. Our results provide key mechanistic insights into how established systems.

Язык: Английский

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Neuropeptide and Small Transmitter Coexistence: Fundamental Studies and Relevance to Mental Illness

Frontiers in Neural Circuits, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 12

Опубликована: Дек. 21, 2018

Neuropeptide are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with one or more small-molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as transmitters and trophic factors, play a role especially when the nervous system is challenged, by injury, pain stress. Here neuropeptides coexistence mammals reviewed, but special focus on 29/30 amino acid galanin its three receptors GalR1, -R2 -R3. In particular, galanin's co-transmitter rodent human noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons addressed. Extensive experimental animal data strongly suggest for depression–like behavior. The translational potential of these results was tested studying postmortem brains, first normal then comparing five regions brains obtained from depressed people who committed suicide, matched controls. It hypothesized that, exposed to severe stress, LC fire bursts release their soma/dendrites. Galanin acts somato-dendritic, inhibitory GalR3 autoreceptors, opening potassium channels inhibiting firing. purpose autoreceptors 'brake' prevent overexcitation, brake also part resilience stress protects against depression. Depression arises inhibition too strong long lasting - maladaption, allostatic load, leading depletion NA levels forebrain. suggested disinhibition antagonist may have antidepressant activity restituting forebrain levels. A depression supported recent candidate gene study, showing variants genes confer increased risk anxiety experienced childhood adversity negative life events. Taken together, neuropeptide galanin, coexisting neurons, participate mechanism underlying serious common disorder, MDD. These lead an understanding how this illness develops which turn can provide basis treatment.

Язык: Английский

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General Principles of Neuronal Co-transmission: Insights From Multiple Model Systems

Frontiers in Neural Circuits, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 12

Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2019

It is now accepted that neurons contain and release multiple transmitter substances. However, we still have only limited insight into the regulation functional effects of this co-transmission. Given there are 200 or more neurotransmitters, chemical complexity nervous system daunting. This made more-so by fact their interacting can generate diverse non-linear novel consequences. The relatively poor history pharmacological approaches likely reflects manipulating a will not necessarily mimic its roles within normal environment (e.g. when it acts in parallel with co-transmitters). In article, co-transmission discussed range systems (from invertebrate lower vertebrate models, up to mammalian peripheral central system) highlight used, degree understanding, open questions future directions. Finally, offer some outlines what consider be general principles co-transmission, as well think most pressing aspects need addressed move forward our understanding

Язык: Английский

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Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory center in the annelid brain

eLife, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 6

Опубликована: Дек. 4, 2017

Neurosecretory centers in animal brains use peptidergic signaling to influence physiology and behavior. Understanding neurosecretory center function requires mapping cell types, synapses, networks. Here we transmission electron microscopy gene expression analyze the synaptic connectome of an entire center. We reconstructed 78 neurons mapped their connectivity brain larval Platynereis dumerilii, a marine annelid. These form anterior expressing many neuropeptides, including hypothalamic peptide orthologs receptors. Analysis peptide-receptor pairs spatially single-cell transcriptome data revealed sparsely connected networks linking specific neuronal subsets. experimentally analyzed one pair found that neuropeptide can couple signaling. Our study uncovered extensive within its connection brain.

Язык: Английский

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Substrates for Neuronal Cotransmission With Neuropeptides and Small Molecule Neurotransmitters in Drosophila

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 12

Опубликована: Март 23, 2018

It has been known for more than 40 years that individual neurons can produce one neurotransmitter and neuropeptides often are colocalized with small molecule neurotransmitters (SMNs). Over the much progress made in understanding functional consequences of cotransmission nervous system mammals. There also some excellent invertebrate models have revealed roles coexpressed SMNs increasing complexity, flexibility dynamics neuronal signaling. However, fly Drosophila there surprisingly few studies on cotransmission, although is ample evidence colocalization neuroactive compounds CNS, based both traditional techniques novel single cell transcriptome analysis. With hope to trigger interest initiating studies, this review summarizes what about circuits where different colocalized. Coexistence substances recorded neuron types such as neuroendocrine cells, interneurons, sensory cells motor neurons. Some highlighted here well established analysis learning memory, circadian clock networks regulating rhythmic activity sleep, olfaction, nociception, feeding, metabolic homeostasis, diuretic functions, reproduction developmental processes. One emerging trait broad role short neuropeptide F presynaptic facilitation a number circuits. This discusses relevance coexisting peptides intestine. Based recent transcriptomics data, it likely systems discussed just fraction total set occurs Drosophila. Thus, systematic search further anatomically defined near future.

Язык: Английский

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Tachykinins: Neuropeptides That Are Ancient, Diverse, Widespread and Functionally Pleiotropic

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 13

Опубликована: Ноя. 20, 2019

Tachykinins (TKs) are ancient neuropeptides present throughout the bilaterians and are, with some exceptions, characterized by a conserved FX1GX2Ramide carboxy terminus among protostomes FXGLMamide in deuterostomes. The best-known TK is vertebrate substance P, which mammals, together other TKs, has been implicated health disease important roles pain, inflammation, cancer, depressive disorder, immune system, gut function, hematopoiesis, sensory processing, hormone regulation. invertebrate TKs also known to have multiple functions central nervous system intestine these investigated more detail fly Drosophila arthropods. Here, we review protostome deuterostome organization evolution of precursors, peptides their receptors, as well functions, appear be partly across Bilateria. We outline distribution brains representative organisms. In Drosophila, recent studies revealed early olfactory neuromodulation circuits controlling locomotion food search, nociception, aggression, metabolic stress, release. signaling regulates lipid metabolism intestine. crustaceans, an neuromodulator rhythm-generating motor stomatogastric presynaptic modulator photoreceptor cells. Several additional functional can inferred from various brain circuits. addition, there few interesting cases where injected into prey animals vasodilators salivary glands or paralyzing agents venom glands. cases, produced predator sequences mimicking TKs. Lastly, TK-signaling appears duplicated Panarthropoda (comprising arthropods, onychophores, tardigrades) give rise novel type peptides, natalisins, distinct receptor. natalisins general, it that widely distributed act at short range neuromodulators cotransmitters.

Язык: Английский

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