Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2011,
Номер
91(3), С. 827 - 887
Опубликована: Июль 1, 2011
MicroRNAs
(miRNAs)
are
a
class
of
posttranscriptional
regulators
that
have
recently
introduced
an
additional
level
intricacy
to
our
understanding
gene
regulation.
There
currently
over
10,000
miRNAs
been
identified
in
range
species
including
metazoa,
mycetozoa,
viridiplantae,
and
viruses,
which
940,
date,
found
humans.
It
is
estimated
more
than
60%
human
protein-coding
genes
harbor
miRNA
target
sites
their
3'
untranslated
region
and,
thus,
potentially
regulated
by
these
molecules
health
disease.
This
review
will
first
briefly
describe
the
discovery,
structure,
mode
function
mammalian
cells,
before
elaborating
on
roles
significance
during
development
pathogenesis
various
organs,
while
attempting
reconcile
functions
with
existing
knowledge
targets.
Finally,
we
summarize
some
advances
made
utilizing
therapeutics.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Май 27, 2020
Coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
is
caused
by
the
Severe
Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome
2
(SARS-CoV-2).
The
impacts
of
may
be
beyond
respiratory
system,
also
affecting
mental
health.
Several
factors
involved
in
association
between
COVID-19
and
psychiatric
outcomes,
such
as
fear
inherent
pandemic,
adverse
effects
treatments,
well
financial
stress
social
isolation.
Herein
we
discuss
growing
evidence
suggesting
that
relationship
SARS-CoV-2
host
trigger
changes
brain
behavior.
Based
on
similarity
with
other
coronaviruses,
it
conceivable
endocrine
immune
response
periphery
or
central
nervous
system
infection
impaired
This
likely
to
further
enhanced,
since
millions
people
worldwide
are
isolated
quarantine
minimize
transmission
isolation
can
lead
neuroendocrine-immune
changes.
Accordingly,
highlight
here
hypothesis
interactions
negative
issues.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
11(16), С. 2607 - 2607
Опубликована: Авг. 21, 2022
Nearly
half
a
century
has
passed
since
the
discovery
of
cytoplasmic
inheritance
human
chloramphenicol
resistance.
The
was
then
revealed
to
take
place
maternally
by
mitochondrial
DNA
(mtDNA).
Later,
number
mutations
in
mtDNA
were
identified
as
cause
severe
inheritable
metabolic
diseases
with
neurological
manifestation,
and
impairment
functions
been
probed
pathogenesis
wide
range
illnesses
including
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Recently,
growing
preclinical
studies
have
that
animal
behaviors
are
influenced
possibly
loss
stress
resilience.
Indeed,
high
54%
patients
one
most
common
primary
diseases,
encephalomyopathy
lactic
acidosis
stroke-like
episodes
(MELAS)
syndrome,
present
psychiatric
symptoms
cognitive
impairment,
mood
disorder,
anxiety,
psychosis.
Mitochondria
multifunctional
organelles
which
produce
cellular
energy
play
major
role
other
homeostasis,
signaling,
gene
expression,
among
others.
Mitochondrial
observed
be
compromised
become
less
resilient
under
continuous
stress.
Meanwhile,
inflammation
linked
activation
tryptophan
(Trp)-kynurenine
(KYN)
system,
observably
contributes
development
pathological
conditions
disorders.
This
review
discusses
mitochondria
Trp-KYN
interaction
system
mitochondria,
current
understanding
involvement
clinical
Biomedicines,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
10(4), С. 849 - 849
Опубликована: Апрель 5, 2022
Kynurenic
acid
(KYNA)
is
an
endogenous
tryptophan
(Trp)
metabolite
known
to
possess
neuroprotective
property.
KYNA
plays
critical
roles
in
nociception,
neurodegeneration,
and
neuroinflammation.
A
lower
level
of
observed
patients
with
neurodegenerative
diseases
such
as
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
or
psychiatric
disorders
depression
autism
spectrum
disorders,
whereas
a
higher
associated
the
pathogenesis
schizophrenia.
Little
about
optimal
concentration
for
neuroprotection
threshold
neurotoxicity.
In
this
study
effects
on
memory
functions
were
investigated
by
passive
avoidance
test
mice.
Six
different
doses
administered
intracerebroventricularly
previously
trained
CFLP
mice
they
24
h.
High
(i.e.,
20-40
μg/2
μL)
significantly
decreased
latency,
low
dose
(0.5
elevated
it
compared
controls,
suggesting
that
enhanced
function.
Furthermore,
six
receptor
blockers
applied
reveal
mechanisms
underlying
enhancement
induced
KYNA.
The
series
tests
revealed
possible
involvement
serotonergic,
dopaminergic,
α
β
adrenergic,
opiate
systems
nootropic
effect.
This
confirmed
improved
component
cognitive
domain,
which
was
mediated
by,
at
least
part,
four
neurotransmission
animal
model
learning
memory.
Understanding
transient
dynamics
of
the
autonomic
nervous
system
during
fear
learning
remains
a
critical
step
to
translate
basic
research
into
treatment
fear-related
disorders.
In
humans,
it
has
been
demonstrated
that
typically
elicits
heart
rate
deceleration.
However,
classical
analyses
variability
(HRV)
fail
disentangle
contribution
parasympathetic
and
sympathetic
systems,
crucially,
they
are
not
able
capture
phasic
changes
learning.
Here,
gain
deeper
insight
physiological
underpinnings
learning,
novel
frequency-domain
analysis
was
performed
using
short-time
Fourier
transform,
instantaneous
spectral
estimates
extracted
from
point-process
modeling
algorithm.
We
tested
whether
components
HRV,
used
as
noninvasive
probe
mechanisms,
can
dissociate
between
conditioned
neutral
stimuli.
found
learned
elicited
deceleration
in
anticipation
noxious
Crucially,
results
revealed
significant
increase
power
high
frequency
band
when
facing
stimulus,
indicating
increased
(vagal)
activity,
which
distinguished
stimuli
Our
findings
provide
proximal
measure
involvement
cardiac
vagal
psychophysiology
extinction,
thus
offering
new
insights
for
characterization
mental
health
illness.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(6), С. 5926 - 5926
Опубликована: Март 21, 2023
Learning
to
recognize
and
respond
potential
threats
is
crucial
for
survival.
Pavlovian
threat
conditioning
represents
a
key
paradigm
investigating
the
neurobiological
mechanisms
of
fear
learning.
In
this
review,
we
address
role
specific
neuropharmacological
adjuvants
that
act
on
neurochemical
synaptic
transmission,
as
well
brain
plasticity
processes
implicated
in
memory.
We
focus
novel
manipulations
targeting
glutamatergic,
noradrenergic,
endocannabinoid
systems,
how
modulation
these
systems
affects
extinction
learning
humans.
show
administration
N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA)
agonists
system
by
fatty
acid
amide
hydrolase
(FAAH)
inhibition
can
boost
through
stabilization
regulation
receptor
concentration.
On
other
hand,
elevated
noradrenaline
levels
dynamically
modulate
learning,
hindering
long-term
processes.
These
pharmacological
interventions
could
provide
targeted
treatments
prevention
strategies
fear-based
anxiety-related
disorders.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(4), С. 4114 - 4114
Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2023
Migraine
and
neuropathic
pain
(NP)
are
both
painful,
disabling,
chronic
conditions
which
exhibit
some
symptom
similarities
thus
considered
to
share
a
common
etiology.
The
calcitonin
gene-related
peptide
(CGRP)
has
gained
credit
as
target
for
migraine
management;
nevertheless,
the
efficacy
applicability
of
CGRP
modifiers
warrant
search
more
effective
therapeutic
targets
management.
This
scoping
review
focuses
on
human
studies
pathogenic
factors
in
NP,
with
reference
available
preclinical
evidence
explore
potential
novel
targets.
inhibitors
monoclonal
antibodies
alleviate
inflammation
meninges;
targeting
transient
receptor
(TRP)
ion
channels
may
help
prevent
release
nociceptive
substances,
modifying
endocannabinoid
system
open
path
toward
discovery
analgesics.
There
exist
tryptophan-kynurenine
(KYN)
metabolic
system,
is
closely
linked
glutamate-induced
hyperexcitability;
alleviating
neuroinflammation
complement
pain-relieving
armamentarium,
microglial
excitation,
observed
conditions,
be
possible
approach.
Those
several
analgesic
deserve
explored
analgesics;
however,
much
remains
missing.
highlights
need
subtypes,
TRP
modulators,
knowledge
status
KYN
metabolites,
consensus
cytokines
sampling,
biomarkers
function,
innovative
management
methods
NP.
Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
32(5), С. 505 - 509
Опубликована: Май 22, 2023
This
editorial
highlights
the
limitations
of
preclinical
models
in
accurately
reflecting
complexity
anxiety
and
depression,
which
leads
to
a
lack
effective
treatments
for
these
disorders.
Inconsistencies
experimental
designs
methodologies
can
entail
conflicting
or
inconclusive
findings,
while
an
overreliance
on
medication
mask
underlying
problems.
Researchers
are
exploring
new
approaches
modeling
negative
emotional
disorders,
including
using
patient-derived
cells,
developing
more
complex
animal
models,
integrating
genetic
environmental
factors.
Advanced
technologies,
such
as
optogenetics,
chemogenetics
neuroimaging,
also
being
employed
improve
specificity
selectivity
models.
Collaboration
innovation
across
different
disciplines
sectors
needed
address
societal
challenges,
requires
funding
support
that
prioritize
cooperation
multidisciplinary
research.
By
harnessing
power
technology
ways
working,
researchers
collaborate
effectively
bring
about
transformative
change.
