The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment

Cell, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 187(9), С. 2095 - 2116

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance specific isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence focus on model plants genetics genomics research, has provided rich resources molecular biological exploration last 50 years. These studies led identification of extracellular intracellular receptors that convert recognition microbe-encoded patterns or pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. receptor systems, downstream responses, define plant immune systems have evolved since migration land ∼500 million Our current understanding provides platform development rational enhancement control many continue plague crop production.

Язык: Английский

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Avirulence depletion assay: Combining R gene-mediated selection with bulk sequencing for rapid avirulence gene identification in wheat powdery mildew

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 21(1), С. e1012799 - e1012799

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025

Wheat production is threatened by multiple fungal pathogens, such as the wheat powdery mildew fungus ( Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici , Bgt ). resistance breeding frequently relies on use of R ) genes that encode diverse immune receptors which detect specific avirulence AVR effectors and subsequently induce an response. While gene cloning has accelerated recently, identification in many pathogens including lags behind, preventing pathogen-informed deployment sources. Here we describe a new “avirulence depletion (AD) assay” for rapid . This assay selection segregating, haploid F1 progeny population resistant host, followed bulk sequencing, thereby allowing candidate with high mapping resolution. In proof-of-concept experiment mapped component receptor Pm3a to 25 kb genomic interval harboring single effector, previously described AvrPm3 a2/f2 Subsequently, applied AD map unknown effector recognized Pm60 receptor. We show AvrPm60 encoded three tandemly arrayed, nearly identical trigger response upon co-expression its alleles Pm60a Pm60b furthermore provide evidence outperforms through more efficient recognition effectors, suggesting it should be prioritized breeding. Finally, virulence towards caused simultaneous deletion all paralogs isolates lacking are especially prevalent US limiting potential this region. The powerful tool inexpensive contribute decisions novel regionally tailored deployment.

Язык: Английский

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Fungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow

Frontiers in Fungal Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 4

Опубликована: Март 27, 2023

Fungi have been used to better the lives of everyday people and unravel mysteries higher eukaryotic organisms for decades. However, comparing progress development stemming from fungal research that human, plant, bacterial research, fungi remain largely understudied underutilized. Recent commercial ventures begun gain popularity in society, providing a new surge interest fungi, mycelia, potential applications these various aspects research. Biotechnological advancements cannot occur without intensive amounts time, investments, tool development. In this review, we highlight past breakthroughs biotechnology, discuss requirements advance biotechnology even further, touch on horizon with highest positively impact both society.

Язык: Английский

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Structural polymorphisms within a common powdery mildew effector scaffold as a driver of coevolution with cereal immune receptors

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(32)

Опубликована: Июль 31, 2023

In plants, host-pathogen coevolution often manifests in reciprocal, adaptive genetic changes through variations host nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) and virulence-promoting pathogen effectors. grass powdery mildew (PM) fungi, an extreme expansion of a RNase-like effector family, termed RALPH, dominates the repertoire, with some members recognized as avirulence (AVR) effectors by cereal NLR receptors. We report structures sequence-unrelated barley PM AVR

Язык: Английский

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Surface frustration re-patterning underlies the structural landscape and evolvability of fungal orphan candidate effectors

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2023

Pathogens secrete effector proteins to subvert host physiology and cause disease. Effectors are engaged in a molecular arms race with the resulting conflicting evolutionary constraints manipulate cells without triggering immune responses. The mechanisms allowing effectors be at same time robust evolvable remain largely enigmatic. Here, we show that 62 conserved structure-related families encompass majority of fungal orphan candidates Pezizomycotina subphylum. These diversified through changes patterns thermodynamic frustration surface residues. underlying mutations tended increase robustness overall protein structure while switching potential binding interfaces. This mechanism could explain how maintained biological activity over long timespans different environments provides model for emergence sequence-unrelated structures.

Язык: Английский

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Resistance that stacks up: engineering rust and mildew disease control in the cereal crops wheat and barley

Plant Biotechnology Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(10), С. 1938 - 1951

Опубликована: Июль 26, 2023

Staying ahead of the arms race against rust and mildew diseases in cereal crops is essential to maintain preserve food security. The methodological challenges associated with conventional resistance breeding are major bottlenecks for deploying (R) genes high-yielding crop varieties. Advancements our knowledge plant genomes, structural mechanisms, innovations bioinformatics, improved transformation techniques have alleviated this bottleneck by permitting rapid gene isolation, functional studies, directed engineering synthetic precise genome manipulation elite cultivars. Most cloned R encode canonical immune receptors which, on their own, prone being overcome through selection resistance-evading pathogenic strains. However, increasingly large repertoire permits multi-gene stacking that, principle, should provide longer-lasting resistance. This review discusses how these genomics-enabled developments leading new biotechnological opportunities achieve durable powdery control cereals.

Язык: Английский

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A secreted protease-like protein in Zymoseptoria tritici is responsible for avirulence on Stb9 resistance gene in wheat

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 19(5), С. e1011376 - e1011376

Опубликована: Май 12, 2023

Zymoseptoria tritici is the fungal pathogen responsible for Septoria blotch on wheat. Disease outcome in this pathosystem partly determined by isolate-specific resistance, where wheat resistance genes recognize specific factors triggering an immune response. Despite large number of known genes, molecular determinants involved such cultivar-specific remain largely unknown. We identified avirulence factor AvrStb9 using association mapping and functional validation approaches. Pathotyping transgenic strains Stb9 cultivars, near isogenic lines populations, showed that interacts with gene, encodes unusually gene a predicted secretion signal protease domain. It belongs to S41 family conserved across different filamentous fungi Ascomycota class may constitute core effector. also among global Z. population carries multiple amino acid substitutions caused strong positive diversifying selection. These results demonstrate contribution 'atypical' effector protein role sequence diversification escape host recognition, adding our understanding host-pathogen interactions evolutionary processes underlying adaptation.

Язык: Английский

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The broad use of the Pm8 resistance gene in wheat resulted in hypermutation of the AvrPm8 gene in the powdery mildew pathogen

BMC Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2023

Abstract Background Worldwide wheat production is under constant threat by fast-evolving fungal pathogens. In the last decades, breeding for disease resistance heavily relied on introgression of chromosomal segments from related species as genetic sources new resistance. The Pm8 gene against powdery mildew has been introgressed rye into part a large 1BL.1RS translocation encompassing multiple genes and yield components. Due to its high agronomic value, this seen continuous global use since 1960s growth areas, even after was overcome pathogen. long-term at scale provided unique opportunity study consequences such extensive application pathogen evolution. Results Using genome-wide association studies in population isolates, we identified avirulence effector AvrPm8 specifically recognized . Haplovariant mining covering all major growing areas world revealed 17 virulent haplotypes that grouped two functional categories. first one comprised amino acid polymorphisms single position along protein, which confirmed be crucial recognition Pm8. second category consisted numerous destructive mutations open reading frame disruptions start codon, truncations, deletions, interference with mRNA splicing. With exception single, likely ancient, gain-of-virulence mutation found isolates around world, virulence were geographically restricted regions, indicating they occurred recently consequence frequent use. Conclusions study, show broad prolonged worldwide resulted multitude mechanisms affecting Based our findings, conclude both standing variation well locally occurring contributed breakdown introgression.

Язык: Английский

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The structural repertoire of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici effectors revealed by experimental and computational studies

eLife, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июль 18, 2023

Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that function in the apoplast or inside plant cells to promote virulence. Effector recognition by cell-surface cytosolic receptors results activation of defence pathways and immunity. Despite their importance, our general understanding fungal effector immunity remains poor. One complication often associated with effectors is high sequence diversity lack identifiable motifs precluding prediction structure function. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated can be grouped into structural classes, despite significant variation existence across taxonomic groups. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we identify a new class hidden within secreted xylem (SIX) from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). The recognised Avr1 (SIX4) Avr3 (SIX1) represent founding members Fol dual-domain (FOLD) class, containing two distinct domains. AlphaFold2, predicted full SIX repertoire show SIX6 SIX13 are also FOLD which validated experimentally for SIX6. Based on comparisons, present three divisions fungi expanded symbionts. Further comparisons demonstrate secretes adopt limited number folds during infection tomato. This analysis revealed relationship between transcriptionally co-regulated pairs. We make use understand its I receptor, leads disease resistance study represents an important advance Fol-tomato, extension plant-fungal interactions, will assist development novel control engineering strategies combat pathogens.

Язык: Английский

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Pooled effector library screening in protoplasts rapidly identifies novel Avr genes

Nature Plants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(4), С. 572 - 580

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2024

Crop breeding for durable disease resistance is challenging due to the rapid evolution of pathogen virulence. While progress in (R) gene cloning and stacking has accelerated recent years

Язык: Английский

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