PLoS Biology,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
17(10), С. e3000492 - e3000492
Опубликована: Окт. 18, 2019
Naturally
occurring
cell
death
is
a
fundamental
developmental
mechanism
for
regulating
numbers
and
sculpting
developing
organs.
This
particularly
true
in
the
nervous
system,
where
large
of
neurons
oligodendrocytes
are
eliminated
via
apoptosis
during
normal
development.
Given
profound
impact
upon
these
two
major
populations,
it
surprising
that
another
type—the
astrocyte—has
rarely
been
studied.
It
presently
unclear
whether
astrocytes
subject
to
significant
death,
if
so,
how
occurs.
Here,
we
address
questions
using
mouse
retinal
as
our
model
system.
We
show
total
number
declines
by
over
3-fold
period
spanning
postnatal
days
5–14.
Surprisingly,
do
not
die
apoptosis,
canonical
underlying
vast
majority
death.
Instead,
find
microglia
engulf
promote
their
removal.
Genetic
ablation
inhibits
astrocyte
leading
larger
population
size
at
end
period.
However,
completely
blocked
absence
microglia,
apparently
due
ability
each
other.
Nevertheless,
mice
lacking
showed
anatomical
changes
network,
with
functional
consequences
astrocyte-associated
vasculature
hemorrhage.
These
results
establish
novel
modality
naturally
demonstrate
its
importance
formation
integrity
gliovascular
network.
Journal of Anatomy,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
235(3), С. 432 - 451
Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2019
The
cerebral
cortex
constitutes
more
than
half
the
volume
of
human
brain
and
is
presumed
to
be
responsible
for
neuronal
computations
underlying
complex
phenomena,
such
as
perception,
thought,
language,
attention,
episodic
memory
voluntary
movement.
Rodent
models
are
extremely
valuable
investigation
development,
but
cannot
provide
insight
into
aspects
that
unique
or
highly
derived
in
humans.
Many
psychiatric
neurological
conditions
have
developmental
origins
studied
adequately
animal
models.
has
some
genetic,
molecular,
cellular
anatomical
features,
which
need
further
explored.
Anatomical
Society
devoted
its
summer
meeting
topic
Human
Brain
Development
June
2018
tackle
these
important
issues.
was
organized
by
Gavin
Clowry
(Newcastle
University)
Zoltán
Molnár
(University
Oxford),
held
at
St
John's
College,
Oxford.
participants
provided
a
broad
overview
structure
context
scaling
relationships
across
brains
mammals,
conserved
principles
recent
changes
lineage.
Speakers
considered
how
progenitors
diversified
generate
an
increasing
variety
cortical
neurons.
formation
earliest
circuits
generated
neurons
subplate
discussed
together
with
their
involvement
neurodevelopmental
pathologies.
Gene
expression
networks
susceptibility
genes
associated
diseases
were
compared
can
identified
organoids
developed
from
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
recapitulate
vivo
development.
New
views
on
specification
glutamatergic
pyramidal
γ-aminobutyric
acid
(GABA)ergic
interneurons.
With
advancement
various
imaging
methods,
histopathological
observations
now
linked
normal
diseases.
Our
review
gives
general
evaluation
exciting
new
developments
areas.
much
enlarged
association
greater
interconnectivity
areas
each
other
expanded
thalamus.
relative
enlargement
upper
layers,
enhanced
diversity
function
inhibitory
interneurons
transient
layer
during
Here
we
highlight
studies
address
differences
emerge
development
focusing
diverse
facets
our
evolution.
At
the
earliest
developmental
stages,
spontaneous
activity
synchronizes
local
and
large-scale
cortical
networks.
These
networks
form
functional
template
for
establishment
of
global
thalamocortical
architecture.
The
connections
are
established
autonomously.
However,
from
sensory
periphery
reshapes
these
circuits
as
soon
afferents
reach
cortex.
early-generated,
largely
transient
neurons
subplate
play
a
key
role
in
integrating
sensory-driven
activity.
Early
pathological
conditions-such
hypoxia,
inflammation,
or
exposure
to
pharmacological
compounds-alter
patterns,
which
subsequently
induce
disturbances
network
This
dysfunction
may
lead
miswiring
and,
at
later
can
be
associated
with
neurological
psychiatric
conditions.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
43(1), С. 1 - 30
Опубликована: Июль 12, 2019
Cortical
interneurons
display
striking
differences
in
shape,
physiology,
and
other
attributes,
challenging
us
to
appropriately
classify
them.
We
previously
suggested
that
interneuron
types
should
be
defined
by
their
role
cortical
processing.
Here,
we
revisit
the
question
of
how
codify
diversity
based
upon
division
labor
function
as
controllers
information
flow.
suggest
developmental
trajectories
provide
a
guide
for
appreciating
argue
subtype
identity
is
generated
using
configurational
(rather
than
combinatorial)
code
transcription
factors
produce
attractor
states
underlying
gene
regulatory
network.
present
our
updated
three-stage
model
specification:
an
initial
cardinal
step,
allocating
into
few
major
classes,
followed
definitive
refinement,
creating
subclasses
settling
within
cortex,
lastly,
state
determination,
reflecting
incorporation
functional
circuit
ensembles.
close
discussing
findings
indicating
classes
are
both
evolutionarily
ancient
conserved.
propose
complexity
circuits
phylogenetically
old
types,
complemented
evolutionary
increase
principal
neuron
diversity.
This
suggests
natural
neurobiological
definition
might
derived
from
match
between
origin
computational
function.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
10(1)
Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2019
Abstract
Layer
4
(L4)
of
mammalian
neocortex
plays
a
crucial
role
in
cortical
information
processing,
yet
complete
census
its
cell
types
and
connectivity
remains
elusive.
Using
whole-cell
recordings
with
morphological
recovery,
we
identified
one
major
excitatory
seven
inhibitory
neurons
L4
adult
mouse
visual
cortex
(V1).
Nearly
all
were
pyramidal
somatostatin-positive
(SOM
+
)
non-fast-spiking
interneurons
Martinotti
cells.
In
contrast,
somatosensory
(S1),
mostly
stellate
SOM
non-Martinotti.
These
morphologically
distinct
corresponded
to
different
transcriptomic
differentially
integrated
into
the
local
circuit
only
S1
receiving
input.
We
propose
that
type
specific
motifs,
such
as
Martinotti/pyramidal
non-Martinotti/stellate
pairs,
are
used
across
building
blocks
assemble
circuits.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
13
Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2019
The
central
nervous
system
and
the
immune
are
both
intricate
highly
organized
systems
that
regulate
entire
body,
with
sharing
certain
common
features
in
developmental
mechanisms
operational
modes.
It
is
known
innate
immunity-related
molecules,
such
as
cytokines,
toll-like
receptors,
complement
family,
acquired
major
histocompatibility
complex
antibody
also
expressed
brain
play
important
roles
development.
Moreover,
although
has
previously
been
regarded
an
immune-privileged
site,
it
to
contain
lymphatic
vessels.
Not
only
microglia
but
lymphocytes
cognition
a
vital
role
formation
of
neuronal
circuits.
This
review
provides
overview
function
cells
molecules
system,
particular
emphasis
on
their
effect
neural
processes.
Surveying
brain
interneuron
development
As
transient
structures
in
early
development,
the
ganglionic
eminences
generate
dozens
of
different
types
interneurons
that
go
on
to
migrate
throughout
and
weave
together
developing
brain.
Shi
et
al
.
analyzed
human
fetal
eminences.
Single-cell
transcriptomics
revealed
unexpected
diversity
progenitor
cells
involved.
The
eminence
depends
more
heavily
intermediate
as
workhorses
than
does
neocortex,
with
its
greater
reliance
radial
glial
cells.
—PJH
