Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(18), С. 9922 - 9922

Опубликована: Сен. 14, 2021

Escherichia coli are remarkably versatile microorganisms and important members of the normal intestinal microbiota humans animals. This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding virulence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable causing broad spectrum extraintestinal diseases. Nine definite enteric E. pathotypes have been well characterized, diseases ranging from various gastrointestinal disorders to urinary tract infections. These employ many factors effectors subverting functions host cells mediate their pathogenesis. review summarizes new developments in our understanding diverse associated with used by different pathogenic cause humans.

Язык: Английский

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Virulence factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review

Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2021

Abstract: Escherichia coli are remarkably versatile microorganisms and important members of the normal intestinal microbiota humans animals. This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding viru-lence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable causing broad spectrum extraintestinal diseases. Nine definite enteric E. pathotypes have been well characterized, diseases ranging from various gastrointestinal disorders to urinary tract infections. These employ many virulence factors effectors subverting func-tions host cells mediate its pathogenesis. review summarizes new de-velopments in our understanding diverse associated used by different pathogenic cause humans.

Язык: Английский

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Rapid emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in France

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2023

Abstract Shigella sonnei , the main cause of bacillary dysentery in high-income countries, has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. We monitored antimicrobial susceptibility 7121 S. isolates collected France between 2005 and 2021. detected a dramatic increase proportion simultaneously ciprofloxacin (CIP), third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) azithromycin (AZM) from 2015. Our genomic analysis 164 such extensively drug-resistant (XDR) identified 13 different clusters within CIP-resistant sublineage 3.6.1, which was selected South Asia ∼15 years ago. AZM resistance subsequently acquired, principally through IncFII (pKSR100-like) plasmids. The last step development XDR phenotype involved various extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes ( bla CTX-M-3 CTX-M-15 CTX-M-27 CTX-M-55 CTX-M-134 ) carried by plasmids (IncFII, IncI1, IncB/O/K/Z) or even integrated into chromosome, encoding 3GCs. This rapid emergence including an international epidemic strain, is alarming, good laboratory-based surveillance shigellosis will be crucial for informed decision-making appropriate public health action.

Язык: Английский

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The evolution and international spread of extensively drug resistant Shigella sonnei

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2023

Shigella sonnei causes shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal illness that is sexually transmissible among men who have sex with (MSM). Multidrug resistance in S. common including against World Health Organisation recommended treatment options, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin. Recently, an MSM-associated outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing, extensively drug resistant was reported the United Kingdom. Here, we aimed to identify genetic basis, evolutionary history, international dissemination strain. Our genomic epidemiological analyses 3,304 isolates from Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, France, States America revealed internationally connected most recent ancestor 2018 carrying low-fitness cost plasmid, previously observed travel associated sublineages flexneri. results highlight persistent threat horizontally transmitted antimicrobial value continuing work towards early open sharing surveillance data.

Язык: Английский

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Colonization factors of human and animal-specific enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

Trends in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 32(5), С. 448 - 464

Опубликована: Дек. 4, 2023

Colonization factors (CFs) are major virulence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This pathogen is among the most common causes bacterial diarrhea in children low- and middle-income countries, travelers, livestock. CFs candidate antigens vaccines under development as preventive measures against ETEC infections humans Recent molecular studies have indicated that newly identified on human closely related to animal CFs. Increased knowledge pathogenic mechanisms, immunogenicity, regulation, expression CFs, well possible spread humans, may facilitate future for animals. Here, we present an updated review ETEC.

Язык: Английский

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Confronting Challenges to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine Development

Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 2

Опубликована: Сен. 14, 2021

The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a diverse and genetically plastic pathologic variant (pathovar) of E. defined by their production heat-labile (LT) heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. These pathogens, which came to recognition more than four decades ago in patients presenting with severe cholera-like diarrhea, now known cause hundreds millions cases symptomatic infection annually. Children low-middle income regions the world lacking access clean water basic sanitation disproportionately affected ETEC. In addition acute diarrheal morbidity, these pathogens remain significant mortality children under age five years have also been linked repeatedly sequelae childhood malnutrition growth stunting. Vaccines that could prevent ETEC infections therefore high priority. Despite several effort, licensed vaccine protects against breadth remains an aspirational goal, underlying genetic plasticity has posed fundamental challenge development can encompass complete antigenic spectrum Nevertheless, novel strategies include toxoids, understanding molecular pathogenesis, structural details target immunogens, discovery highly conserved antigens essential for virulence should accelerate progress make broadly protective feasible.

Язык: Английский

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Emerging multi-drug resistant and extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) clones circulating in aquatic environments and in patients

One Health, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 20, С. 100968 - 100968

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2025

Diarrheal disease pathogens often spread through water-borne routes. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major bacterial agent causing diarrheal in children, adults, and travelers endemic areas. In addition, ETEC responsible for outbreaks of water food-borne gasteroenteritis globally, isolates also show robust survival capacity various environmental settings, including aquatic environments. During the last decade, studies have indicated rapid increase multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive human-specific strains. These been found both sources human patients, warranting urgent need focused monitoring antibiotic resistance development ETEC. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) from environmental, animal, enables silico surveillance emerging pathogenic This method allows re-analysis genomic data, aiding identification new variants clones. By integrating data diverse inclusing sequenced isolates, we that certain clonal lineages e.g., those expressing toxin-colonization factor profiles STp/CS6, LT STh/CS2 + CS3, STh/CFA/I are more at risk to develop than other lineages. Comparizon multi-locus sequence types papers with WGS ST182, ST4, ST2332 ST be We conclude further on ETEC/E. genomes needed enhance our understanding dynamics evolution, relation virulence clinical isolates.

Язык: Английский

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Recent Antimicrobial Resistance Situation and Mechanisms of Resistance to Key Antimicrobials in Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 48(3), С. 222 - 229

Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2025

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in developing countries and regularly imported into developed as traveler's diarrhea. ETEC usually self-limiting not necessarily treated with antimicrobials, although antimicrobial treatment recommended malnourished children, severe cases, However, resistant strains to representative therapeutic agents such ciprofloxacin azithromycin have been reported recent years, multidrug-resistant has also emerged. This review discusses the resistance surveillance mechanisms antimicrobials.

Язык: Английский

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Presence, Pathogenicity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors of Escherichia coli: A Review

Bacteria, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 4(1), С. 16 - 16

Опубликована: Март 11, 2025

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram-negative, commensal/pathogenic bacteria found in human intestines and the natural environment. Pathogenic E. known as extra-intestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) or intestinal (InPEC). InPEC strains are separated into six groups, enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC), diffusely adherent (DAEC), that have various virulence factors cause infection. Virulence refer to combination of distinctive accessory traits affect broad range cellular processes pathogens. There two important directly interact with cells diarrhoeal diseases within intestines: adhesion colonization exotoxins. crucial for overcome host’s immune system result antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics used combat symptoms duration infection by coli. However, misuse overuse antibiotics led global concern Currently, colistin last-resort drug fight caused this bacterium. Antibiotic resistance can be achieved main ways: horizontal gene transfer mutation different genes. The genetic basis developing occurs through four mechanisms: limiting uptake, modification target, inactivation drug, active efflux drug. These mechanisms use remove from bacterial cell prevent entering binding targets. This prevents drugs working effectively, acquire classified phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2, D1, D2, E, clade I). It very versatile bacterium easily adapt environmental factors. present review gathered information about pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, phylogenetics aspects interconnected; thus, it will provide on tracking spread genes using how evolve. Understanding variation help monitoring controlling outbreaks novel treatment. increasing rate ability evolve rapidly, suggest in-depth research needed these areas.

Язык: Английский

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Survival and adaptative strategies of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) to the freshwater environment

Research Square (Research Square), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 19, 2025

Waterborne pathogenic enterobacteria are adapted for infection of human hosts but can also survive long periods in water environments. To understand how the pathogen enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adapts to acute and long-term hypo-osmotic stress oligotrophic conditions, this study aimed explore effects short- freshwater exposure on ETEC isolates by examining transcriptional responses, survival mechanisms, antibiotic resistance development. RNA sequencing revealed that over 1,700 genes were differentially expressed, with significant reprogramming occurring early within first two hours exposure. Early responses included activation catabolic pathways nitrogen carbon assimilation downregulation energy metabolism anabolic processes mitigate osmotic stress. Notably, arnBCADTEF operon was upregulated, facilitating lipid A modification membrane enforcement which confers colistin tolerance. carries virulence large plasmids cause diarrheal disease humans. Plasmid gene analysis indicated repression upregulation mobilization toxin-antitoxin systems during 48 water, suggesting a shift towards genetic adaptability. Prolonged weeks enhanced biofilm formation capacity adherence epithelial cells, evolved increased resistance. These findings influence adaptive strategies, role waterborne transmission pathogens development persistence, capability emergence Importance Environmental conditions play vital shaping behavior bacteria, influencing their survival, virulence, treatments. This reveals environments act as crucial reservoirs (ETEC), one most common causes diarrhea children, driving adaptations enhance changes increase resilience ability disease, posing public health risks persistent infections. Understanding environmental factors bacterial is essential developing effective strategies prevent outbreaks manage antibiotic-resistant infections, ultimately protecting vulnerable populations from severe diseases.

Язык: Английский

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