Long COVID in Children and Adolescents: Mechanisms, Symptoms, and Long-Term Impact on Health—A Comprehensive Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(2), С. 378 - 378
Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2025
Long
COVID,
also
known
as
post-acute
sequelae
of
SARS-CoV-2
infection
(PASC),
is
increasingly
recognized
a
condition
affecting
not
only
adults
but
children
and
adolescents.
While
often
experience
milder
acute
COVID-19
symptoms
compared
to
adults,
some
develop
persistent
physical,
psychological,
neurological
lasting
for
weeks
or
months
after
initial
infection.
The
most
commonly
reported
include
debilitating
fatigue,
respiratory
issues,
headaches,
muscle
pain,
gastrointestinal
disturbances,
cognitive
difficulties,
which
significantly
impact
daily
activities,
schooling,
social
interactions.
Additionally,
many
with
long
COVID
psychological
symptoms,
such
anxiety,
depression,
mood
swings,
irritability,
likely
exacerbated
by
prolonged
illness
lifestyle
disruptions.
Risk
factors
in
pre-existing
health
conditions
asthma,
obesity,
disorders,
adolescents
females
seemingly
more
affected.
Hypothesized
mechanisms
underlying
chronic
immune
dysregulation,
viral
particles
stimulating
inflammation,
autonomic
nervous
system
dysfunction,
mitochondrial
impairment,
may
collectively
contribute
the
variety
observed
symptoms.
Long-term
outcomes
remain
uncertain;
however,
can
lead
school
absenteeism,
withdrawal,
distress,
potentially
development.
Severe
cases
postural
orthostatic
tachycardia
syndrome
(POTS)
reduced
exercise
tolerance.
This
review
synthesizes
existing
literature
on
children,
examining
its
prevalence,
symptomatology,
risk
factors,
potential
mechanisms,
an
emphasis
need
further
clinical
studies.
research
largely
relies
surveys
self-reported
data,
assessments
are
essential
accurately
characterize
pediatric
populations
guide
effective
management
strategies.
Язык: Английский
Global Prevalence of Long COVID, its Subtypes and Risk factors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2025
Updated
knowledge
regarding
the
global
prevalence
of
long
COVID
(or
post-COVID-19
condition),
its
subtypes,
risk
factors,
and
variations
across
different
follow-up
durations
geographical
regions
is
necessary
for
informed
public
health
recommendations
healthcare
delivery.
The
primary
objective
this
systematic
review
to
evaluate
subtypes
symptoms
in
individuals
with
confirmed
COVID-19
diagnosis,
while
secondary
assess
factors
same
population.
Studies
on
published
from
July
5,
2021,
May
29,
2024,
searched
PubMed,
Embase,
Web
Science
were
used
review.
Supplemental
updates
original
search
period
made.
There
four
inclusion
criteria:
(1)
human
study
population
diagnosis;
(2)
appropriate
index
diagnosis
date;
(3)
outcome
must
include
either
prevalence,
duration,
or
COVID;
(4)
time
at
least
two
months
after
date.
exclusion
criteria
were:
non-human
population;
case
studies
reviews;
imaging,
molecular,
and/or
cellular
testing
as
results;
specific
populations
such
workers,
residents
nursing
homes,
those
living
long-term
care
facilities;
that
did
not
meet
sample
size
threshold
needed
estimate
overall
margin
error
0.05.
Two
screeners
independently
performed
screenings
data
extraction,
decision
conflicts
collectively
resolved.
pooled
using
a
random-effects
meta-analysis
framework
DerSimonian-Laird
inverse
variance
weighted
estimator.
estimand
(target
parameter
interest)
was
among
diagnoses,
effect
sizes
corresponding
ten
common
A
total
442
included
mega-systematic
review,
429
meta-analyzed
various
endpoints,
avoiding
duplicate
estimates
study.
Of
studies,
17.9%
have
high
bias.
Heterogeneity
evident
where
I
2
statistic
nearly
100%
prevalence.
Global
estimated
36%
positive
(95%
confidence
interval
[CI]
33%-40%)
144
studies.
Geographical
variation
observed
COVID:
Asia
35%
CI
25%-46%),
Europe
39%
31%-48%),
North
America
30%
24%-38%),
South
51%
35%-66%).
Stratifying
by
longer
periods
1
years
(47%
[95%
37%-57%])
compared
times
less
than
year
(35%
31%-39%])
had
overlapping
therefore
statistically
distinguishable.
Top
five
most
prevalent
cases
respiratory
20%
14%-28%)
31
general
fatigue
18%-23%)
121
psychological
18%
11%-28%)
10
neurological
16%
8%-30%)
23
dermatological
12%
8%-17%)
symptom
based
memory
problems
11%
7%-19%)
12
three
strongest
being
unvaccinated
COVID-19,
pre-existing
comorbidity,
female
sex.
Individuals
any
these
higher
odds
having
ratios
2.34
1.49-3.67)
6
1.59
1.28-1.97)
13
1.55
1.25-1.92)
22
respectively.
This
shows
globally
highly
varying
estimates.
persists
over
extended
follow-up,
burden
post-infection.
Our
findings
highlight
continuing
challenge
worldwide.
heterogeneity
argues
need
carefully
designed
representative
world.
Question:
What
are
patterns
what
COVID?Results:
Meta-analysis
2021-2024
individuals.
Variations
showed
highest
CI:
35%-66%),
does
seem
diminish
(less
year:
35%,
95%
31%-39%
vs.
years:
47%,
37%-57%).
eight
major
(respiratory),
(general
fatigue),
(psychological),
(neurological),
(dermatological),
10%
(cardiovascular),
9%
(musculoskeletal)
5%
(gastrointestinal).Meaning:
Quantitative
evidence
persistent
globally,
significant
post-infection,
underscoring
accurate
standardized
diagnostic
tests
biomarkers
COVID,
better
understanding
physiology
condition,
treatment,
potential
needs
workforce
participation.
wide
range
call
samples
well-designed
Язык: Английский
Characteristics and predictors of Long Covid in children: a 3-year prospective cohort study
EClinicalMedicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
76, С. 102815 - 102815
Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2024
Язык: Английский
Prevalence and co-occurrence of cognitive impairment in children and young people up to 12-months post infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron variant)
Brain Behavior and Immunity,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
119, С. 989 - 994
Опубликована: Май 10, 2024
Cognitive
impairment
is
often
reported
after
SARS-CoV-2
infection,
yet
evidence
gaps
remain.
We
aimed
to
(i)
report
the
prevalence
and
characteristics
of
children
young
people
(CYP)
reporting
"brain
fog"
(i.e.,
cognitive
impairment)
12-months
post
PCR-proven
infection
determine
whether
differences
by
status
exist
(ii)
explore
CYP
experiencing
over
a
12-month
period
post-infection
investigate
relationship
between
poor
mental
health
well-being,
fatigue
sleep
problems.
Язык: Английский
Impact of Long SARS-CoV-2 Omicron on Health Care Burden: A Case-control Comparative Study with the Pre-Omicron Waves (Preprint)
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
10, С. e53580 - e53580
Опубликована: Май 23, 2024
Following
the
initial
acute
phase
of
COVID-19,
health
care
resource
use
has
escalated
among
individuals
with
SARS-CoV-2
infection.
Язык: Английский
Predicting post-COVID-19 condition in children and young people up to 24 months after a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR-test: the CLoCk study
BMC Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
22(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2024
Predicting
which
children
and
young
people
(CYP)
are
at
the
highest
risk
of
developing
post-COVID-19
condition
(PCC)
could
improve
care
pathways.
We
aim
to
develop
validate
prediction
models
for
persistent
PCC
up
24
months
post-infection
in
CYP.
Язык: Английский
FLiRTing with danger: The emergence of the KP.2 Omicron variant
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Дек. 6, 2024
As
new
COVID-19
strains
surface
and
proliferate
over
the
world,
pandemic
is
still
evolving[1].
The
FLiRT
variants
are
one
such
family
of
that
have
recently
drawn
notice.
They
a
Omicron
sub-variants
quickly
becoming
dominant.
These
include
KP.2
KP.1.1.
Due
to
certain
changes
in
virus's
spike
proteins,
these
been
dubbed
"FLiRT."
nickname
comes
from
initials
F
L,
R
T,
which
stand
for
important
mutations
enable
them
avoid
immunisation[2].
spreading
more
rapidly
worldwide
comparison
with
other
variants.
per
available
data,
sub-variant
will
become
most
prevalent
disease
many
developed
nations
including
United
States,
Kingdom
South
Korea[3].
variant
entered
India
November
2023
has
spread
into
states
highest
prevalence
Maharashtra.
genomic
surveillance
data
compiled
by
Indian
SARS-CoV-2
Consortium
(INSACOG),
than
250
sequences
reported
India.
records
last
60
days,
an
approximate
29%
uploaded
Global
Initiative
on
Sharing
All
Influenza
Data
(GISAID)
India[4].
result
greater
mutations,
this
considered
infectious
previous
disease,
increasing
chances
its
rapid
surge
number
cases.
Additionally,
their
ability
evade
immunity
raises
risk
breakthrough
infections,
could
lead
rise
hospitalisations
deaths[4].
variants,
KP.1.1,
characterized
symptoms
similar
those
earlier
cough,
fever,
fatigue,
body
aches,
headache,
loss
taste,
sore
throat,
nausea,
diarrhoea.
differ
slightly
sub-variants;
however,
severity
varies
according
underlying
medical
conditions
individual's
current
immunological
state[5].
Pneumonia,
severe
respiratory
distress,
organ
failure
possible
outcomes
extreme
thought
higher
transmission
rate
be
forms[6].
Infectious
Disease
Society
America,
there
1.22-
fold
increase
relative
effective
reproduction
(Re)
compared
JN.1
variant,
suggesting
This
attributed
novel
enhance
spreadability.
Droplets
can
source
transmission,
dangerous
everyone,
especially
compromised
immune
systems.
existing
vaccines
found
less
efficient
providing
protection
against
KP.1.1
as
it
increased
virulence
through
alterations
proteins[7].
research
done
experts,
vaccination
does
provide
symptoms,
helps
preventing
hospitalisation
thus
reduces
morbidity
or
deaths
caused
but
saying
so
newer
questionable.
Vaccination
decreases
decreasing
viral
load
even
if
cannot
shield
individual
disease[8].
predictions,
believed
show
resistance
towards
vaccinations
primarily
XB2L.5
strain.
To
act
newer/revised
required
lineage
main
target.
not
protect
possibility
catching
infection
would
decrease
associated.
strain
however
discussion
mutation
level
high
exists
escape
host's
defence
triggered
due
vaccination[9].
Inculcating
preventive
measures
our
daily
life
best
way
impact
variant.
hot
weather
acts
adjunct
transmission.
Measures
like
vaccination,
staying
at
home
sick,
maintaining
social
distancing
crowded
places,
wearing
mask
public
places
good
personal
hygiene
help
prevention
disease[10,11].
Conflict
interest
statement
authors
declare
no
conflict
interest.
Funding
received
extramural
funding
study.
Authors'
contributions
Y
SS
conceptualized
designed
work,
carried
out
collection,
drafted
article.
HG
performed
analysis
interpretation.
VC
critically
reviewed
PAC
article,
responsible
final
approval
version
published.
Publisher's
note
Publisher
Journal
remains
neutral
regard
jurisdictional
claims
published
maps
institutional
affiliations.
Edited
Zhang
Q,
Lei
Y,
Pan
Язык: Английский