Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Different Families of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Bioactive Properties

Applied Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(7), С. 3212 - 3212

Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2021

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are homo- or hetero-oligomers of D-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) that can be obtained by chitosan chitin hydrolysis. Their enzymatic production is preferred over other methodologies (physical, chemical, etc.) due to the mild conditions required, fewer amounts waste its efficiency control product composition. By properly selecting enzyme (chitinase, chitosanase nonspecific enzymes) substrate properties (degree deacetylation, molecular weight, etc.), it possible direct synthesis towards any three COS types: fully acetylated (faCOS), partially (paCOS) deacetylated (fdCOS). In this article, we review main strategies steer a specific group. The chemical characterization advanced techniques, e.g., high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, critical for structure–function studies. scaling processes synthesize mixtures difficult low solubility chitin/chitosan, heterogeneity reaction mixtures, high salts. Enzyme immobilization help minimize such hurdles. bioactive herein reviewed. Finally, anti-inflammatory activity was assayed in murine macrophages after stimulation lipopolysaccharides.

Язык: Английский

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Upgrading the Transdermal Biomedical Capabilities of Thyme Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Using Amphiphilic Oligochitosan Vehicles

Pharmaceutics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 14(7), С. 1350 - 1350

Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2022

(1) Background: Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) essential oil (TEO) has gained much attention because of its long history medicinal usage. However, the lack precise chemical profiling TEO and methods to optimize bioactivity delivery constituents hampered research on quality control biological function; (2) Methods: The current study aimed analyze TEO's composition using GC-MS method identify key components. Another objective this work is impact protective layer amphiphilic oligochitosan (AOC) physicochemical stability transdermal potentials multilayer nanoemulsions formulated by incorporation TEO, Tween80, lecithin (Lec), AOC; (3) Results: AOC significantly improved TEO-based NEs as revealed constancy their properties (particle size zeta potential) during storage for a week. Excessive fine-tuning thyme extract layer's persistent positive charge have been contributed extract's anti-inflammatory, transdermal, anti-melanoma potentials; (4) Conclusions: AOC-coated could offer novel multifunctional nanoplatforms effective lipophilic bioactive materials.

Язык: Английский

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Biodegradation and Prospect of Polysaccharide from Crustaceans

Marine Drugs, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 20(5), С. 310 - 310

Опубликована: Май 2, 2022

Marine crustacean waste has not been fully utilized and is a rich source of chitin. Enzymatic degradation attracted the wide attention researchers due to its unique biocatalytic ability protect environment. Chitosan (CTS) derivative chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) with various biological activities can be obtained by enzymatic Many studies have shown that derivatives, (COSs), beneficial properties, including lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory antitumor activities, important application value in medical treatment field, food industry agriculture. In this review, we describe classification, biochemical characteristics catalytic mechanisms major degrading enzymes: chitinases, chitin deacetylases (CDAs) chitosanases. We also introduced technology for design modification proposed current problems development trends polysaccharides. The discussion on mechanism chitosan-degrading enzymes will help develop new types hydrolases biotechnology methods promote their chitosan.

Язык: Английский

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Chitosan oligosaccharides exert neuroprotective effectsviamodulating the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway in a Parkinsonian model

Food & Function, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(10), С. 5838 - 5853

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is a threat to patients due inability prevent or decelerate progression. Currently, clinical drugs for treatment of PD are synthetic that always present undesirable adverse toxic effects. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) natural has been considered relatively safe and studied in therapeutic effects on different types neuronal disorders. In this study, we separated four COS monomers (COSs) including chitobiose (COS2), chitotriose (COS3), chitotetraose (COS4) chitopentaose (COS5) explore their structure-activity relationship mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Techniques TLC, HPLC, MS, NMR were applied investigate purity structure COSs. After oral administration COSs, behavior indexes, pathological cytokines, expression proteins nigrostriatal pathway analyzed. The results showed COSs fully deacetylated was >90%. Additionally, neurobehavioral deficits improved with further proved could protect TH-labelled dopaminergic neurons via reducing overexpression α-synuclein, alleviating neuroinflammation, activating PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 reduce apoptosis. COS3 exhibited better effect protecting neurons; however, COS2 provided α-synuclein. To conclude, neuroprotective activity makes viable candidate as an ingredient healthcare products.

Язык: Английский

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Synthesis of acylated derivatives of chitosan oligosaccharide and evaluation of their potential antifungal agents on Fusarium oxysporum

Carbohydrate Polymers, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 314, С. 120955 - 120955

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Chitosan as a Plurivalent Biopolymer in Nanodelivery Systems

Polymers, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(5), С. 558 - 558

Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2025

(1) Background: This review study will delve into the potential of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) as adaptable carriers for targeted drug delivery in different therapeutic areas. Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin that has attracted interest applications because its high biocompatibility and biodegradability. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature was conducted by following careful systematized protocol searching databases like PubMed, Google Scholar ScienceDirect. (3) Results: NPs are good vehicles, notably cancer. Studies reveal doxorubicin-loaded dramatically enhance toxicity to tumor cells compared free medicines, yielding suppression rates up 60%. Researchers found chemotherapeutics had an 85% encapsulation efficiency (EE), lowering systemic toxicity. Magnetic pH-responsive boost accumulation 63% apoptosis 54%. also boosts medication retention lungs 2.3×, per pulmonary trials. ocular bioavailability 3× improve nasal absorption 30%, crossing blood-brain barrier. For bone regeneration, scaffolds mineral density 46%, facilitating osteogenesis healing. (4) Conclusions: made provide solid foundation improving systems; yet there still issues with material variability, scalability, meeting regulatory requirements need fixing. Research combination treatments, ways increase their specificity, optimize these offers promising prospects creation novel approaches patient outcomes.

Язык: Английский

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Mitigating fishy odor in surimi gels: Interactions between myofibril proteins and chito-oligosaccharides

Food Hydrocolloids, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 111200 - 111200

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Structure-based rational design of chitosanase CsnMY002 for high yields of chitobiose

Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 202, С. 111692 - 111692

Опубликована: Март 18, 2021

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are attractive active molecules for biomedical applications. Currently, the prohibitively high cost of producing fully defined COS hampers extensive studies on their biological activity and restricts use in various industries. Thus, cost-effective production pure is major importance. In this report, chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis MY002 (CsnMY002) was prepared production. The structure apo CsnMY002 displayed an unexpected tunnel-like substrate-binding site CsnMY002_E19A/(GlcN)6 complex highlighted "4 + 2″ splitting hexaglucosamine even though "3 3″ also observed TLC analysis enzyme products hexaglucosamine. Structure based rational design performed to generate mutants chitobiose CsnMY002_G21 K mutant produced with a relative content > 87 % chitosan low degree acetylation, 50.65 mg purity 98 100 chitosan. results provide insight catalytic mechanism underpin future applications chitobiose.

Язык: Английский

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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Prevent Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease by Attenuating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Marine Drugs, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 23(3), С. 134 - 134

Опубликована: Март 19, 2025

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a disorder resulting from excessive alcohol intake, and currently, there are no therapeutics approved by the FDA for its treatment. This study investigates protective effects underlying pharmacological mechanisms of two chitosan oligosaccharides, COST (MW ≤ 1000 Da) COSM 3000 Da), in mitigating alcohol-induced (ALD). In animal models, we evaluated changes ALD following treatment with COSM. Histopathological analysis revealed that both interventions mitigated hepatic steatosis inflammatory infiltration. Additionally, these compounds reduced various markers injury, enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels, significantly improved function. Western blot demonstrated markedly decreased expression metabolic CYP2E1, activated Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, restrained NF-κB MAPK pathways. an vitro model hepatocyte L02 exhibited on hepatocytes, corroborating findings studies. Collectively, vivo experiments confirmed can reduce oxidative damage, enhance capacity, ameliorate damage liver, thereby attenuating injury. Notably, slightly superior efficacy compared to COST.

Язык: Английский

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Bioconversion of Mushroom Chitin-Rich Waste into Valuable Chitin Oligosaccharides Using a Combined Approach of Biocatalysis and Precision Fermentation

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 14, 2025

The shift toward a circular economy has increased efforts to derive valuable chemicals from renewable resources, including chitin-rich waste. Mushroom cultivation generates significant waste, particularly the stalks left behind on breeding beds, which contain substantial amount of chitin with untapped potential. This research establishes proof concept for valorizing this waste stream by converting it into oligosaccharides, have applications across food, feed, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. Using combined approach enzymatic saccharification five chitinolytic enzymes, followed precision fermentation resulting N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc), we successfully produced defined chitinpentaose. Chitin extracted Agaricus bisporus brown demonstrated highest efficiency, achieving GlcNAc conversion 31 ± 1% (w/w). Our findings highlight necessity purifying product ensure specificity during fermentation, although production strain's growth remained suboptimal compared commercially available GlcNAc. an engineered E. coli strain, achieved pure chitinpentaose, yield 0.0327 g/L at 10 mL scale levels (g/OD600) comparable those obtained HPLC-grade commercial study provides foundation further aimed improving biocatalyst recycling optimizing phase, thereby enhancing cost-efficiency scalability sustainable bioconversion process.

Язык: Английский

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