Initiation reactivity of cyclic nitramines mixed crystals from the perspective of XPS application DOI Creative Commons
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Jhonatan Rodríguez‐Pereira, Svatopluk Zeman

и другие.

Research Square (Research Square), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2024

Abstract The nitramines ε- and β-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitanes (ε-CL-20 β-CL-20), cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (BCHMX), six β-CL20/BCHMX co-agglomerates (CACs) 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazepane (TTAZ) have been subjected to XPS analysis determine their N 1s (N-NO 2 ) O (NO binding energies ( E bind ). values for found be closely related the molecular structure of studied; growth logically corresponds a decrease in sensitivity both impact electric spark. O1s is mostly inversely energy directly proportional that sparks. For detonation rates, pure are proportional; CACs, however, this relationship proportional. These findings supported by analogous relations with crystal density, especially case 1s. In terms co-crystal identification among there auxiliary exist between on one hand Raman ring deformation vibration (wrt FTIR symmetric N-O stretching other. All relationships discussed. Hirshfeld CL20 shows more stable intermolecular fingerprint plots its β-isomer than ɛ-analog, which might reason stabilization nitramine co-crystals.

Язык: Английский

Co-agglomerated crystals of cyclic nitramines with the nitrogen rich 3,6-bis(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (BTATz) DOI
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil,

Petr Bělina,

W. A. Trzciński

и другие.

Chemical Engineering Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 483, С. 149029 - 149029

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

7
Progress in Energy−Safety Balanced Cocrystallization of Four Commercially Attractive Nitramines DOI Creative Commons
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Svatopluk Zeman

Crystal Growth & Design, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(17), С. 7361 - 7388

Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2024

In 2011, cocrystallization of energetic materials became a hot topic and pathway to overcome the energy−safety contradiction; especially for commercially attractive nitramines, it first preference researchers. The present review focuses on energetic−energetic four CL20, HMX, BCHMX, RDX, structural aspects these cocrystals, their influence thermochemical detonation properties. Cocrystallization has proven be crystal engineering technique achieve safety morphological suitability cocrystals (EECCs). Overall, in most cases, impact sensitivities EECCs are decreased, this is phenomenal change; however, needed adjust with properties slightly, negligible if coformer (EMs) properly chosen. There other notable variations morphologies packing crystals, including key such as relatively high density melting point. These changes occur due binding energy, trigger bond length, cohesive energy during cocrystallization. Researchers highly focused nitramines; earlier reported methods lacking selectivity scalability. When comes adoption industrial scale production EECCs, more difficult. We conducted thorough literature survey. Also we discussed about recently developed VPSZ coagglomeration method, which provides huge opportunity tune performance existing easy up level.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

6
Novel approach for preparation of the energy-safety balanced cocrystals of attractive nitramines via coagglomeration DOI Creative Commons
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Svatopluk Zeman

FirePhysChem, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 4(4), С. 283 - 294

Опубликована: Март 6, 2024

Co-agglomeration unique crystal engineering approach; in which the co-precipitated micro-particles of nitramines with other energetic materials co-agglomerated by slurry method; to modify properties attractive like CL20, HMX, BCHMX, and RDX etc. The interesting structural modifications newly prepared crystals (CACs) one are discussed here. There notable variations morphologies packing crystals, including key relatively high density, melting point, impact sensitivity, detonation properties. These CACs overwhelming majority showing co-crystals. Apart from these aspects, co-agglomeration provides a huge opportunity tune performance existing is easy scale-up for industrial level. preliminary results also suggest that chemical factors involved preparation have tremendous improvements than conventional crystallization. With technological optimization this method can be employable scale production.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

4
Towards to some published misconceptions about TNT and ɛ-CL20 DOI Creative Commons
Svatopluk Zeman, Veerabhadragouda B. Patil

FirePhysChem, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 5(1), С. 68 - 73

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024

The literature widely reported information about apparent high impact sensitivities of both the pure 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT; i.e. 14 - 16 J) and ɛ-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ɛ-CL20; 2 4.4 J), which mostly correspond to BAM method determination. This brief overview discusses reasons these error data. physical organic chemistry approach this problem has confirmed Beijing Inst. Technology value 13.2 J for ɛ-CL20 LANL 39.2 TNT. morphological instability ɛ-CL20, when in contact with polar binders or plasticizers, might not have much influence on its application propellants. stabilization ɛ- β-CL20 upon entry into a cocrystal coformer having character polynitro compound (especially nitramines) could be practical importance. sensitivity TNT is important handling processing safety related specific samples. However, they cannot used molecular-structural analyses predictions as comparative standard, currently widespread literature.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

4
The Effects of HMX and CL-20-Based Co-Particles on the Ignition and Combustion Performances of Aluminum Powders DOI Creative Commons
Zhihua Xue,

Weimeng Zhang,

Ruixuan Xu

и другие.

Aerospace, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 12(4), С. 272 - 272

Опубликована: Март 24, 2025

Energetic co-particles have been proven effective in balancing high-energy and safety performance, which might be used as insensitive oxidizers solid propellants. In this work, the high temperature interactions between several aluminum (Al) powders presence of ammonium perchlorate (AP) studied. The are based on octogen (HMX) hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), with balanced energy content performance. They to combine Al AP form either binary or ternary systems. Their release rate during decomposition combustion fully evaluated. Due intimate contact components co-particles, binary/ternary systems exhibit superior reaction efficiency compared relevant mechanical mixtures same formulations. These novel energetic maximum two times higher pressurization rate, 10% heat explosion, 53.8% flame propagation much shorter ignition delay than corresponding normal mixtures. For both HMX- CL-20-based co-particle systems, median size condensed products (CCPs) is smaller those mixtures, Al2O3. This indicates that advantages improving particles by eliminating their agglomeration.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Construction of HMX/FOX-7 composite microspheres with controlled microstructures using continuous self-assembly spray drying: To improve safety and combustion performance DOI
Wenyu Wu, Wenjie Liu, Xiaojuan Fu

и другие.

Materials Chemistry and Physics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 130795 - 130795

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Desensitization of HMX crystals by formation of co-particles with insensitive LLM-105 or FOX-7 DOI
Zhihua Xue, Yiran Zhang, Ruizhi Pu

и другие.

Chemical Engineering Journal, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 163451 - 163451

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Co-agglomerated crystals of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitro -stilbene/-azobenzene with attractive nitramines DOI
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil,

Petr Bělina,

W. A. Trzciński

и другие.

Chemical Engineering Journal, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 457, С. 141200 - 141200

Опубликована: Дек. 28, 2022

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

13
Towards the thermal reactivity and behavior of co-agglomerated crystals of DATB and TATB with attractive nitramines DOI
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Roman Svoboda, Svatopluk Zeman

и другие.

Thermochimica Acta, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 724, С. 179494 - 179494

Опубликована: Март 26, 2023

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

7
Energy-safety balanced composites of attractive cyclic nitramines with polyaniline DOI Creative Commons
Veerabhadragouda B. Patil,

Oldřich Machalický,

Petr Bělina

и другие.

Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 7(4)

Опубликована: Июль 18, 2024

Abstract Composite microcrystals of the cyclic nitramines 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL-20), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX), and cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (BCHMX) with polyaniline (PANi) have been prepared thoroughly characterized in terms morphology phase purity. PANi outperformed other conducting polymers selectivity towards NAs due to its better interaction NAs, low production cost, ease preparation. The bonding polymeric chain has examined by means Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy methods, fluorescence quenching; spectrum shown laser sensitivity these microcrystals. Powder X-ray diffraction results changes polymorph modifications CL20 (from ɛ β) HMX β α) during preparation composites, which also confirmed spectral differential thermal analysis techniques. structural orientations found composites significantly stabilize against impact; their detonation properties slightly deteriorated, but electrical conductivity strongly increased electric-spark sensitivity. above determine potential use mainly as parts electric or impulse initiators, having “a green character”, for various charges.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

2