The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 81(4)

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Язык: Английский

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Microbial Hub Taxa Link Host and Abiotic Factors to Plant Microbiome Variation

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 14(1), С. e1002352 - e1002352

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2016

Plant-associated microorganisms have been shown to critically affect host physiology and performance, suggesting that evolution ecology of plants animals can only be understood in a holobiont (host its associated organisms) context. Host-associated microbial community structures are affected by abiotic factors, increased attention is given the role microbiome interactions such as pathogen inhibition. However, little known about how these factors act on community, especially what microbe–microbe interaction dynamics play. We begun address this knowledge gap for phyllosphere microbiomes simultaneously studying three major groups Arabidopsis thaliana symbionts (bacteria, fungi oomycetes) using systems biology approach. evaluated multiple potential control: we sampled various wild A. populations at different times, performed field plantings with genotypes, implemented successive colonization experiments under lab conditions where genotype, was manipulated. Our results indicate both genotype interact plant all microbes. Considering interactions, however, uncovered network interkingdom significant contributions structure. As other scale-free networks, small number taxa, which call "hubs," strongly interconnected severe effect communities. By documenting uncover an important mechanism explaining genotypic signatures control In short, they directly "hub" microbes, which, via transmit effects community. analyzed two microbes (the obligate biotrophic oomycete Albugo basidiomycete yeast fungus Dioszegia) more closely. had strong epiphytic endophytic bacterial colonization. Specifically, alpha diversity decreased beta stabilized presence infection, whereas otherwise varied between plants. Dioszegia, hand, provided evidence direct hub bacteria. The identification "hubs" their importance structuring has crucial implications plant–pathogen research opens new entry points ecosystem management future targeted biocontrol. revelation cascade through communities understand structure perturbations parallel fields including human bioprocesses. particular, parallels "keystone" pathogens open avenues interdisciplinary promise better our understanding functions host-associated microbiomes.

Язык: Английский

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A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 12(1), С. 236 - 236

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2020

Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy early times. It has since been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, which play vital, often synergistic roles at every stage of response. Adequate amounts are essential to ensure proper function physical barriers cells; however, daily micronutrient intakes necessary may be higher than current recommended dietary allowances. Certain populations have inadequate intakes, situations with increased requirements (e.g., infection, stress, pollution) further decrease stores within body. Several deficient, even marginal impair immunity. Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates immune-supporting modulate reduce risk infection. Micronutrients strongest for D zinc. Better design human clinical studies addressing dosage combinations different required substantiate benefits against

Язык: Английский

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Host Biology in Light of the Microbiome: Ten Principles of Holobionts and Hologenomes

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 13(8), С. e1002226 - e1002226

Опубликована: Авг. 18, 2015

Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now challenging life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed untouchable. To fully appreciate change field undergoing, one has place epochs foundational principles Darwin, Mendel, modern synthesis in light current advances are enabling a new vision for central importance microbiology. Animals plants no longer heralded as autonomous entities but rather biomolecular networks composed host plus its associated microbes, i.e., "holobionts." As such, their collective genomes forge "hologenome," models animal plant biology do not account these intergenomic associations incomplete. Here, we integrate concepts into historical contemporary visions summarize predictive refutable framework evaluation. Specifically, present ten clarify append what not, explain how they both support extend existing theory sciences, discuss potential ramifications multifaceted approaches zoology botany. We anticipate conceptual evidence-based foundation provided this essay will serve roadmap hypothesis-driven, experimentally validated holobionts hologenomes, thereby catalyzing continued fusion biology's subdisciplines. At time when symbiotic microbes recognized all aspects biology, holobiont hologenome afford holistic view biological complexity consistent with generally reductionist biology.

Язык: Английский

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Bacterial quorum sensing in complex and dynamically changing environments

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 17(6), С. 371 - 382

Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Assembly and ecological function of the root microbiome across angiosperm plant species

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 115(6)

Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2018

Across plants and animals, host-associated microbial communities play fundamental roles in host nutrition, development, immunity. The factors that shape host–microbiome interactions are poorly understood, yet essential for understanding the evolution ecology of these symbioses. Plant roots assemble two distinct compartments from surrounding soil: rhizosphere (microbes roots) endosphere within roots). Root-associated microbes were key land underlie ecosystem processes. However, it is largely unknown how plant has shaped root communities, turn, affect ecology, such as ability to mitigate biotic abiotic stressors. Here we show variation among 30 angiosperm species, which have diverged up 140 million years, affects bacterial diversity composition. Greater similarity microbiomes between hosts leads negative effects on performance through soil feedback, with specific taxa potentially affecting competitive species. Drought also shifts composition microbiomes, most notably by increasing relative abundance Actinobacteria. this drought response varies across host-specific changes Streptomyces associated tolerance. Our results emphasize causes their ecological importance

Язык: Английский

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Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 112(8), С. 2307 - 2313

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2015

The genetic enhancement of wild animals and plants for characteristics that benefit human populations has been practiced thousands years, resulting in impressive improvements commercially valuable species. Despite these benefits, manipulations are rarely considered noncommercial purposes, such as conservation restoration initiatives. Over the last century, humans have driven global climate change through industrialization release increasing amounts CO 2 , shifts ocean temperature, chemistry, sea level, well frequency storms, all which can profoundly impact marine ecosystems. Coral reefs highly diverse ecosystems suffered massive declines health abundance a result other direct anthropogenic disturbances. There is great concern high rates, magnitudes, complexity environmental overwhelming intrinsic capacity corals to adapt survive. Although it important address root causes changing climate, also prudent explore potential augment reef organisms tolerate stress facilitate recovery after Here, we review risks benefits improvement natural commercial stocks noncoral systems advocate series experiments determine feasibility developing coral with enhanced tolerance acceleration naturally occurring processes, an approach known (human)-assisted evolution, while at same time initiating public dialogue on this approach.

Язык: Английский

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Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non–host-derived immunity

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 110(26), С. 10771 - 10776

Опубликована: Май 20, 2013

Mucosal surfaces are a main entry point for pathogens and the principal sites of defense against infection. Both bacteria phage associated with this mucus. Here we show that phage-to-bacteria ratios were increased, relative to adjacent environment, on all mucosal sampled, ranging from cnidarians humans. In vitro studies tissue culture cells without surface mucus demonstrated increase in abundance is dependent protects underlying epithelium bacterial Enrichment occurs via binding interactions between mucin glycoproteins Ig-like protein domains exposed capsids. particular, bind variable glycan residues coat glycoprotein component Metagenomic analysis found these proteins present phages sampled many environments, particularly locations surfaces. Based observations, bacteriophage adherence model provides ubiquitous, but non–host-derived, immunity applicable The suggests metazoan coevolve maintain adherence. This benefits host by limiting bacteria, through more frequent hosts. relationships shown here suggest symbiotic relationship hosts previously unrecognized antimicrobial actively

Язык: Английский

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Microbiota: a key orchestrator of cancer therapy

Nature reviews. Cancer, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 17(5), С. 271 - 285

Опубликована: Март 17, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Stress and stability: applying the Anna Karenina principle to animal microbiomes

Nature Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 2(9)

Опубликована: Авг. 23, 2017

Язык: Английский

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