The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(4), С. 1877 - 2013

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Язык: Английский

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The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 81(4)

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Язык: Английский

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The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome

Cell, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 167(4), С. 915 - 932

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2016

Язык: Английский

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Microbial interactions within the plant holobiont

Microbiome, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Март 27, 2018

Since the colonization of land by ancestral plant lineages 450 million years ago, plants and their associated microbes have been interacting with each other, forming an assemblage species that is often referred to as a "holobiont." Selective pressure acting on holobiont components has likely shaped plant-associated microbial communities selected for host-adapted microorganisms impact fitness. However, high densities detected tissues, together fast generation time more ancient origin compared host, suggest microbe-microbe interactions are also important selective forces sculpting complex assemblages in phyllosphere, rhizosphere, endosphere compartments. Reductionist approaches conducted under laboratory conditions critical decipher strategies used specific cooperate compete within or outside tissues. Nonetheless, our understanding these shaping communities, along relevance host health natural context, remains sparse. Using examples obtained from reductionist community-level approaches, we discuss fundamental role (prokaryotes micro-eukaryotes) community structure health. We provide conceptual framework illustrating among microbiota members establishment maintenance host-microbial homeostasis.

Язык: Английский

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The oral microbiome – an update for oral healthcare professionals

BDJ, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 221(10), С. 657 - 666

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2016

For millions of years, our resident microbes have coevolved and coexisted with us in a mostly harmonious symbiotic relationship. We are not distinct entities from microbiome, but together we form 'superorganism' or holobiont, the microbiome playing significant role physiology health. The mouth houses second most diverse microbial community body, harbouring over 700 species bacteria that colonise hard surfaces teeth soft tissues oral mucosa. Through recent advances technology, started to unravel complexities gained new insights into its during both health disease. Perturbations through modern-day lifestyles can detrimental consequences for general In dysbiosis, finely-tuned equilibrium ecosystem is disrupted, allowing disease-promoting manifest cause conditions such as caries, gingivitis periodontitis. practitioners patients alike, promoting balanced therefore important effectively maintain restore This article aims give an update on current knowledge disease discuss implications healthcare.

Язык: Английский

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Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome

Neurobiology of Stress, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 7, С. 124 - 136

Опубликована: Март 19, 2017

The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been appreciated. More recently, microbiota emerged as a key player control this axis, especially during conditions stress provoked by real or perceived homeostatic challenge. Diet is one most important modifying factors microbiota-gut-brain axis. routes communication between and brain are slowly being unravelled, include vagus nerve, gut hormone signaling, immune system, tryptophan metabolism, microbial metabolites such short chain fatty acids. early life shaping later health outcomes also emerging. Results from preclinical studies indicate that alterations composition way antibiotic exposure, lack breastfeeding, birth Caesarean section, infection, other environmental influences - coupled with influence host genetics can result long-term modulation physiology behaviour. implicated variety including anxiety, depression irritable bowel syndrome, although largely based on animal correlative analysis patient populations. Additional research humans sorely needed to reveal relative impact causal contribution microbiome disorders. In regard, concept psychobiotics developed refined encompass methods targeting order positively mental outcomes. At 2016 Neurobiology Stress Workshop Newport Beach, CA, group experts presented symposium “The Microbiome: Development, Stress, Disease”. This report summarizes builds upon some concepts within context how might neurobiology stress.

Язык: Английский

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Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 7(1)

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2016

Bacteria living on and in leaves roots influence many aspects of plant health, so the extent a plant's genetic control over its microbiota is great interest to crop breeders evolutionary biologists. Laboratory-based studies, because they poorly simulate true environmental heterogeneity, may misestimate or totally miss certain host genes microbiome. Here we report large-scale field experiment disentangle effects genotype, environment, age year harvest bacterial communities associated with Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), perennial wild mustard. Host microbiome evident but not roots, varies substantially among sites. Microbiome composition also shifts as plants age. Furthermore, large proportion leaf groups are shared suggesting inoculation from soil. Our results demonstrate how genotype-by-environment interactions contribute complexity assembly natural environments.

Язык: Английский

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The evolution of the host microbiome as an ecosystem on a leash

Nature, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 548(7665), С. 43 - 51

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Insights into the Coral Microbiome: Underpinning the Health and Resilience of Reef Ecosystems

Annual Review of Microbiology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 70(1), С. 317 - 340

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2016

Corals are fundamental ecosystem engineers, creating large, intricate reefs that support diverse and abundant marine life. At the core of a healthy coral animal is dynamic relationship with microorganisms, including mutually beneficial symbiosis photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) enduring partnerships an array bacterial, archaeal, fungal, protistan, viral associates, collectively termed holobiont. The combined genomes this holobiont form hologenome, genomic interactions within hologenome ultimately define phenotype. Here we integrate contemporary scientific knowledge regarding ecological, host-specific, environmental forces shaping diversity, specificity, distribution microbial symbionts holobiont, explore physiological pathways contribute to fitness, describe potential mechanisms for homeostasis. Understanding role microbiome in resilience, acclimation, adaptation new frontier reef science will require large-scale collaborative research efforts.

Язык: Английский

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Rhizosphere microbiome structure alters to enable wilt resistance in tomato

Nature Biotechnology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 36(11), С. 1100 - 1109

Опубликована: Окт. 8, 2018

Язык: Английский

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