Exploring pest mitigation research and management associated with the global wood packaging supply chain: What and where are the weak links?

Biological Invasions, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 25(8), С. 2395 - 2421

Опубликована: Май 11, 2023

Abstract Global trade continues to increase in volume, speed, geographic scope, diversity of goods, and types conveyances, which has resulted a parallel both quantity pathways available for plant pests move via trade. Wood packaging material (WPM) such as dunnage, pallets, crates, spools, is an integral part the global supply chain due its function containing, protecting, supporting movement traded commodities. The use untreated solid wood WPM introduces risk boring wood-infesting organisms into chain, while handling storage conditions treated presents post-treatment contamination by surface-adhering or sheltering pests. wood-boring -infesting pest risks intrinsic pathway were addressed 2002 adoption 2009 revision ISPM 15, was first implemented 2005–2006 North America. Although this initiative been widely implemented, some still occurs combination factors including; fraud, material, insufficient- incomplete- treatment, contamination. Here we examine forest-to-recycling production utilization with respect dynamics contaminating incidence within environments international provide opportunities improvements reduction. We detail discuss each step current systems place, regulatory environments. knowledge gaps, research recommendations step. This big picture perspective allows full system review where new improved management strategies could be explored improve our regulations.

Язык: Английский

---

The Magnitude of Regional‐Scale Tree Mortality Caused by the Invasive Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

Earth s Future, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 8(7)

Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2020

Abstract Forest pathogens are important drivers of tree mortality across the globe, but it is exceptionally challenging to gather and build unbiased quantitative models their impacts. Here we harness rare data set matching spatial scale pathogen invasion, host, disease heterogeneity estimate infection for four most susceptible host species Phytophthora ramorum , an invasive that drives biological cause in a broad geographic region coastal California southwest Oregon. As 2012, current field survey year, 17.5 (±4.6, 95% CI [confidence interval]) million tanoak ( Notho lithocarpus densiflorus ) stems were killed with additional 71 (±21.5) infected. We estimated 9.0 (±2.2) coast live oak Quercus agrifolia 1.7 (±0.5) black kelloggii impacted (mortality combined). Lastly, our estimates suggest 95.2 (±8.6) bay laurel Umbellularia californica ), which does not suffer from represents critical source continued spread. Prevalent as 2012 suggests cumulative number disease‐killed likely increased 20.8 42.8 between 2019 all species. While these impacts substantial, populations occur yet be invaded northern indicating will intensify coming decades.

Язык: Английский

---

Early evolution of beetles regulated by the end-Permian deforestation

eLife, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2021

The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) led to a severe terrestrial ecosystem collapse. However, the ecological response of insects—the most diverse group organisms on Earth—to EPME remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse beetle evolutionary history based taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, phylogeny, and shifts from Early Permian Middle Triassic, using comprehensive new dataset. beetles were dominated by xylophagous stem groups with high diversity which probably played an underappreciated role in carbon cycle. Our suite analyses shows that suffered during largely due collapse forest ecosystems, resulting Triassic gap beetles. New appeared widely early is consistent restoration ecosystems. results highlight significance insects deep-time

Язык: Английский

---

Defoliated trees die below a critical threshold of stored carbon

Functional Ecology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 35(10), С. 2156 - 2167

Опубликована: Авг. 12, 2021

Abstract Carbon starvation posits that defoliation‐ and drought‐induced mortality results from drawing down stored non‐structural carbohydrates (NSCs), but evidence is mixed, few studies evaluate directly. We tested the relationships among defoliation severity, NSC drawdown tree by measuring NSCs in mature oak trees defoliated an invasive insect, Lymantria dispar , across a natural gradient of severity. collected stem root samples oaks ( Quercus rubra Q . alba ) interior forests n = 34) forest edges 47) central Massachusetts, USA. Total (TNC; sugar + starch) stores were analysed with respect to size, species which ranged between 5% 100%. TNC declined significantly increasingly severe defoliation. Forest edge had higher less sensitive than trees, although this may be result differing history. Furthermore, we observed threshold 1.5% dry weight TNC. Our study draws direct link insect reserves defines below highly likely. These findings advance understanding improve model parametrization response outbreaks, increasing threat globalization climate change. A free Plain Language Summary can found within Supporting Information article.

Язык: Английский

---

Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid in North America: History, status, and outlook

Biological Control, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 185, С. 105308 - 105308

Опубликована: Июль 24, 2023

Язык: Английский

---