Exploring pest mitigation research and management associated with the global wood packaging supply chain: What and where are the weak links?

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 2395 - 2421

Published: May 11, 2023

Abstract Global trade continues to increase in volume, speed, geographic scope, diversity of goods, and types conveyances, which has resulted a parallel both quantity pathways available for plant pests move via trade. Wood packaging material (WPM) such as dunnage, pallets, crates, spools, is an integral part the global supply chain due its function containing, protecting, supporting movement traded commodities. The use untreated solid wood WPM introduces risk boring wood-infesting organisms into chain, while handling storage conditions treated presents post-treatment contamination by surface-adhering or sheltering pests. wood-boring -infesting pest risks intrinsic pathway were addressed 2002 adoption 2009 revision ISPM 15, was first implemented 2005–2006 North America. Although this initiative been widely implemented, some still occurs combination factors including; fraud, material, insufficient- incomplete- treatment, contamination. Here we examine forest-to-recycling production utilization with respect dynamics contaminating incidence within environments international provide opportunities improvements reduction. We detail discuss each step current systems place, regulatory environments. knowledge gaps, research recommendations step. This big picture perspective allows full system review where new improved management strategies could be explored improve our regulations.

Language: Английский

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The Magnitude of Regional‐Scale Tree Mortality Caused by the Invasive Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

Earth s Future, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(7)

Published: June 8, 2020

Abstract Forest pathogens are important drivers of tree mortality across the globe, but it is exceptionally challenging to gather and build unbiased quantitative models their impacts. Here we harness rare data set matching spatial scale pathogen invasion, host, disease heterogeneity estimate infection for four most susceptible host species Phytophthora ramorum , an invasive that drives biological cause in a broad geographic region coastal California southwest Oregon. As 2012, current field survey year, 17.5 (±4.6, 95% CI [confidence interval]) million tanoak ( Notho lithocarpus densiflorus ) stems were killed with additional 71 (±21.5) infected. We estimated 9.0 (±2.2) coast live oak Quercus agrifolia 1.7 (±0.5) black kelloggii impacted (mortality combined). Lastly, our estimates suggest 95.2 (±8.6) bay laurel Umbellularia californica ), which does not suffer from represents critical source continued spread. Prevalent as 2012 suggests cumulative number disease‐killed likely increased 20.8 42.8 between 2019 all species. While these impacts substantial, populations occur yet be invaded northern indicating will intensify coming decades.

Language: Английский

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Defoliated trees die below a critical threshold of stored carbon

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 35(10), P. 2156 - 2167

Published: Aug. 12, 2021

Abstract Carbon starvation posits that defoliation‐ and drought‐induced mortality results from drawing down stored non‐structural carbohydrates (NSCs), but evidence is mixed, few studies evaluate directly. We tested the relationships among defoliation severity, NSC drawdown tree by measuring NSCs in mature oak trees defoliated an invasive insect, Lymantria dispar , across a natural gradient of severity. collected stem root samples oaks ( Quercus rubra Q . alba ) interior forests n = 34) forest edges 47) central Massachusetts, USA. Total (TNC; sugar + starch) stores were analysed with respect to size, species which ranged between 5% 100%. TNC declined significantly increasingly severe defoliation. Forest edge had higher less sensitive than trees, although this may be result differing history. Furthermore, we observed threshold 1.5% dry weight TNC. Our study draws direct link insect reserves defines below highly likely. These findings advance understanding improve model parametrization response outbreaks, increasing threat globalization climate change. A free Plain Language Summary can found within Supporting Information article.

Language: Английский

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Short‐term effects of moderate severity disturbances on forest canopy structure

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 111(9), P. 1866 - 1881

Published: June 12, 2023

Abstract Moderate severity disturbances, those that do not result in stand replacement, play an essential role ecosystem dynamics. Despite the prevalence of moderate disturbances and significant impacts they impose on forest functioning, little is known about their effects canopy structure how these differ over time across a range disturbance severities types. Using longitudinal data from National Ecological Observatory Network project, we assessed three press (beech bark disease, hemlock woolly adelgid emerald ash borer, which are characterized by continuous sustained mortality) pulse (spring cankerworm moth, spongy moth ground fire, associated with discrete relatively short mortalities) temperate eastern US. We studied (1) light detection ranging (LiDAR)‐derived metrics change response to (2) whether initial complexity offsets impact time. used mixed‐effects modelling framework included non‐linear term for represent changes caused disturbance, interactions between both intensity complexity. discovered high inhibited height growth while low facilitated it. In addition, increases Concerning complexity, found disturbed plots altered indicating potential resilience effects. Synthesis . This study repeated measurements LiDAR examine various dimensions structure, including height, openness, density Our indicates can inhibit However, other could be clearly detected, likely because compensatory growth, was more readily apparent using multi‐temporal data. Furthermore, our findings suggest might help mitigate structures Overall, research highlights usefulness assessing structural canopies disturbances.

Language: Английский

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The Global Forest Health Crisis: A Public-Good Social Dilemma in Need of International Collective Action

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 61(1), P. 377 - 401

Published: May 31, 2023

Society is confronted by interconnected threats to ecological sustainability. Among these the devastation of forests destructive non-native pathogens and insects introduced through global trade, leading loss critical ecosystem services a forest health crisis. We argue that crisis public-good social dilemma propose response framework incorporates principles collective action. This enables scientists better engage policymakers empowers public advocate for proactive biosecurity management. Collective action in features broadly inclusive stakeholder engagement build trust set goals; accountability pest introductions; pooled support weakest-link partners; inclusion intrinsic nonmarket values ecosystems risk assessment. provide short-term longer-term measures incorporate above shift societal paradigm more resilient state.

Language: Английский

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