Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth

Experimental Eye Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 219, С. 109071 - 109071

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2022

The global prevalence of myopia, or nearsightedness, has increased at an alarming rate over the last few decades. An eye is myopic if incoming light focuses prior to reaching retinal photoreceptors, which indicates a mismatch in its shape and optical power. This commonly results from excessive axial elongation. Important drivers myopia epidemic include environmental factors, genetic their interactions, e.g., factors influencing effects factors. One factor often hypothesized be driver light, changed drastically rapidly on scale. In support this, it well established that size regulated by homeostatic process incorporates visual cues (emmetropization). allows detect minimize refractive errors quite accurately locally time modulating elongation via remodeling outermost coat, sclera. Critically, emmetropization not dependent post-retinal processing. Thus, appear influence through retina-to-sclera, retinoscleral, signaling cascade, capable transmitting information innermost layer layer. Despite significant research interest, specifics retinoscleral pathways remain elusive. While pharmacological treatments have proven effective slowing (most notably topical atropine), mechanisms behind these are still fully understood. Additionally, several neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, other small molecules been found length and/or error influenced myopigenic cues, yet little progress made explaining how signal originates retina crosses highly vascular choroid affect Here, we compile synthesize evidence surrounding three major candidate receiving attention - dopamine, retinoic acid, adenosine. All candidates both correlational causal backing involvement implicated multiple independent groups across diverse species. Two presented for retina-originating 1) all-trans acid 2) choroidal blood flow scleral oxygenation. Evidence crosstalk between discussed context two mechanisms.

Язык: Английский

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The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia

Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 43(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2024

Abstract Background Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood heightened risk developing high and related sight-threatening eye conditions adulthood. This surge rates, occurring within relatively stable genetic framework, underscores profound influence environmental lifestyle factors on this condition. In comprehensive narrative review, we shed light both established potential contributors that affect development progression myopia. Main body Epidemiological interventional research consistently revealed compelling connection between increased outdoor time decreased children. protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure characteristics natural (i.e., sunlight) release retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective time, excessive engagement near work can further worsen onset While exact mechanisms behind exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears involve shifts relative peripheral refraction, overstimulation accommodation, or complex interplay these factors, leading issues like image defocus, blur, chromatic aberration. Other spatial frequency visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, education have debatable independent influences development. Conclusion environment exerts significant Improving modifiable key predictors spent outdoors prevent slow intricate connections often obscure findings, making challenging disentangle their individual effects. complexity necessity for prospective studies employ objective assessments, such quantifying work, among others. These crucial gaining more understanding how various modified

Язык: Английский

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IMI 2023 Digest

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 64(6), С. 7 - 7

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, International Institute (IMI) assembled published series white papers across relevant topics updated evidence digest in 2021. Here, we summarize findings key from previous 2 years. Studies animal models have continued explore how wavelength intensity light influence eye growth examined new pharmacologic agents scleral cross-linking as potential strategies for slowing myopia. children, term premyopia gaining interest increased attention early implementation control. Most studies use IMI definitions ≤-0.5 diopters (D) ≤-6.0 D high myopia, although categorization structural consequences remain an issue. Clinical trials demonstrated that newer spectacle lens designs incorporating multiple segments, lenslets, or diffusion optics exhibit good efficacy. considerations factors influencing efficacy soft multifocal contact lenses orthokeratology are discussed. Topical atropine remains only widely accessible treatment. Rebound observed higher concentration not evident lower concentrations optical interventions. Overall, treatments show little adverse effect on visual function appear generally safe, longer wear times combination therapies maximizing outcomes. An emerging category light-based children requires comprehensive safety data enable risk versus benefit analysis. Given success strategies, ethics including arm clinical heavily debated. recommendations trial protocols

Язык: Английский

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Light and myopia: from epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms

Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 13

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021

Myopia is far beyond its inconvenience and represents a true, highly prevalent, sight-threatening ocular condition, especially in Asia. Without adequate interventions, the current epidemic of myopia projected to affect 50% world population by 2050, becoming leading cause irreversible blindness. Although blurred vision, predominant symptom myopia, can be improved contact lenses, glasses or refractive surgery, corrected particularly high still carries risk secondary blinding complications such as glaucoma, myopic maculopathy retinal detachment, prompting need for prevention. Epidemiological studies have reported an association between outdoor time prevention children. The protective effect spent outdoors could due unique characteristics (intensity, spectral distribution, temporal pattern, etc.) sunlight that are lacking artificial lighting. Concomitantly, animal models highlighted efficacy light components delaying even stopping development endeavoured elucidate possible mechanisms involved this process. In narrative review, we (1) summarize knowledge concerning modulation growth error based on human models, (2) potential neurobiological effects emmetropization (3) highlight pathway translational noninvasive light-therapy strategies

Язык: Английский

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Low‐intensity, long‐wavelength red light slows the progression of myopia in children: an Eastern China‐based cohort

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 42(2), С. 335 - 344

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2022

To determine the effect of low-intensity, long-wavelength red light therapy (LLRT) on inhibition myopia progression in children.A retrospective study was conducted. One hundred and five myopic children (spherical equivalent refractive error [SER] -3.09 ± 1.74 dioptres [D]; mean age, 9.19 2.40 years) who underwent LLRT treatment (power 0.4 mW, wavelength 635 nm) twice per day for 3 min each session, with at least a 4-h interval between sessions, control group 56 (SER -3.04 1.66 D; 8.62 2.45 were evaluated. Both groups wore single-vision distance spectacles. Each child returned follow-up examination every months after initial measurements total 9 months.At months, SER -2.87 1.89 D, significantly greater than that (-3.57 1.49 p < 0.001). Axial length (AL) changes -0.06 0.19 mm 0.26 0.15 (p 0.001), respectively. The subfoveal choroidal thickness changed by 45.32 30.88 μm treated 9-month Specifically, substantial hyperopic shift (0.31 0.24 D 0.20 0.14 respectively, = 0.02) found 8-14 year olds compared 4-7 old children. decrease AL subjects baseline >24 -0.08 mm, those ≤24 (-0.04 0.18 0.03).Repetitive exposure to associated slower reduced axial growth short durations treatment. These results require further validation randomised controlled trials.

Язык: Английский

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Light Signaling and Myopia Development: A Review

Ophthalmology and Therapy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(3), С. 939 - 957

Опубликована: Март 11, 2022

The aim of this article was to comprehensively review the relationship between light exposure and myopia with a focus on effects wavelength, illuminance, contrast occurrence progression myopia. This performed by searching PubMed data sets including research articles reviews utilizing terms "light", "myopia", "refractive error", "illuminance", concluded in November 2021. Myopia onset were closely linked emmetropization hyperopia. To better elucidate mechanism myopia, some that focused topic included. is based previously conducted studies does not contain any new human participants or animals authors. pathogenesis prevention are completely clear. Studies have provided evidence supporting idea could affect eye growth three ways. Changing corresponding conditions will cause changes rate mode eyes, preliminary results shown FR/NIR (far red/near-infrared) effective for juveniles. discusses aims providing clues theoretical basis use control development offering ideas subsequent studies.

Язык: Английский

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Charting the landscape of the environmental exposome

iMeta, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 1(4)

Опубликована: Сен. 2, 2022

Abstract The exposome depicts the total exposures in lifetime of an organism. Human comprises from environmental and humanistic sources. Biological, chemical, physical pose potential health threats, especially to susceptible populations. Although still its nascent stage, we are beginning recognize vast dynamic nature exposome. In this review, systematically summarize biological chemical exposomes three broad matrices—air, soil, water; each contains several distinct subcategories, along with a brief introduction Disease‐related highlighted, humans also major source disease‐related exposures. We further discuss interactions between biological, exposomes. Finally, propose list outstanding challenges under research framework that need be addressed move field forward. Taken together, present detailed landscape prime researchers join exciting new field.

Язык: Английский

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Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth

Survey of Ophthalmology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 68(4), С. 759 - 783

Опубликована: Фев. 14, 2023

Язык: Английский

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An Expanding Role for Nonvisual Opsins in Extraocular Light Sensing Physiology

Annual Review of Vision Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(1), С. 245 - 267

Опубликована: Май 17, 2023

We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms directly harness light energy (plants) or decode information for adaptive advantage. animals, the main sensors are family of G protein-coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function best described visual sense. However, most animals also use opsins extraocular sensing behavior camouflage. While it has long been believed mammals do not an capacity, recent evidence suggests otherwise. Notably, encephalopsin (OPN3) neuropsin (OPN5) both known to mediate mice. Examples mediation include photoentrainment circadian clocks skin (by OPN5) acute light-dependent regulation metabolic pathways OPN3 OPN5). This review summarizes current findings expanding field photoreception their relevance human physiology.

Язык: Английский

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Recommendations for measuring and standardizing light for laboratory mammals to improve welfare and reproducibility in animal research

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22(3), С. e3002535 - e3002535

Опубликована: Март 12, 2024

Light enables vision and exerts widespread effects on physiology behavior, including regulating circadian rhythms, sleep, hormone synthesis, affective state, cognitive processes. Appropriate lighting in animal facilities may support welfare ensure that animals enter experiments an appropriate physiological behavioral state. Furthermore, proper consideration of light during experimentation is important both when it explicitly employed as independent variable a general feature the environment. This Consensus View discusses metrics to use for quantification nonhuman mammals their application improve quality research. It provides methods measuring these metrics, practical guidance implementation husbandry experimentation, quantitative exposure laboratory mammals. The provided has potential data contribute reduction refinement, helping more ethical use.

Язык: Английский

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