Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2024
Although
kratom
use
has
been
part
of
life
for
centuries
in
Southeast
Asia,
the
availability
and
United
States
(US)
increased
substantially
since
early
2000s
when
there
was
little
information
on
pharmacology,
patterns,
effects,
all
critical
to
guiding
regulation
policy.
Here
we
provide
a
synthesis
research
with
several
hundred
English-language
papers
published
past
5
years
drawing
from
basic
research,
epidemiological
surveillance
data,
recent
clinical
research.
This
review
available
literature
aims
an
integrated
update
regarding
our
current
understanding
kratom’s
benefits,
risks,
epidemiology,
which
may
inform
States-based
regulation.
Recent
indicates
are
likely
million
past-year
consumers,
though
estimates
vary
widely.
Even
without
precise
prevalence
is
no
longer
niche,
millions
adults
using
it
myriad
reasons.
Despite
its
botanical
origins
coffee
tree
family
polypharmacy,
popularly
characterized
as
opioid
presumed
opioid-system-based
risks
addiction
or
overdose.
Neuropharmacology,
toxicology,
epidemiology
studies
show
that
more
accurately
substance
diverse
complex
pharmacology.
Taken
together
work
reviewed
here
provides
foundation
future
scientific
studies,
well
guide
ongoing
efforts
regulate
kratom.
also
informs
much-needed
federal
oversight,
including
by
Food
Drug
Administration.
We
conclude
recommendations
priorities
needed
address
policy
knowledge
gaps
around
this
increasingly
used
product.
Язык: Английский
Chemical Analysis and Alkaloid Intake for Kratom Products Available in the United States
Drug Testing and Analysis,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 16, 2025
ABSTRACT
Previously,
we
used
ecological
momentary
assessment
(EMA)
to
evaluate
motivations
and
temporal
patterns
of
kratom
use
for
15
days
among
US
adult
consumers
(
N
=
357).
Here
present
the
content
analyses
products
during
that
nationwide
study,
with
quantification
10
alkaloids.
The
samples
341)
were
primarily
whole‐leaf
products,
not
extracts,
similar
each
other
in
their
alkaloid
composition,
closely
matching
chromatographic‐mass
spectrometry
fingerprint
expected
Mitragyna
speciosa
leaf
material.
We
found
no
evidence
adulteration
illicit
or
prescription
drugs.
With
participants'
self‐reported
data
on
amount
per
use,
calculated
mitragynine
intake
use:
mean
31.3
mg
median
25.4
(range
2.0–205.9
mg).
frequency,
day,
it
ranged
from
78.3
134.6
(mean)
50.8
101.6
(median).
This
is
most
comprehensive
analysis
date.
coupling
self‐report
product
sample‐analysis
quantify
daily
foundational
designing
controlled
clinical
trials
healthy
volunteers.
These
findings
products'
chemical
composition
consumption
can
also
inform
clinicians,
policymakers,
consumers,
particularly
Язык: Английский
Controversies in Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder
Current Psychiatry Reports,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
26(9), С. 487 - 496
Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2024
We
apply
the
Diagnostic
and
Statistical
Manual
of
Mental
Disorders
Fifth
Edition
(DSM-5)
criteria
for
substance
use
disorders
(SUDs)
to
herbal
product
kratom.
Similarities
differences
between
kratom
disorder
(KUD)
other
SUDs
are
explored,
along
with
assessment,
diagnostic,
therapeutic
recommendations
KUD.
Язык: Английский
An exploratory study of the safety profile and neurocognitive function after single doses of mitragynine in humans
Psychopharmacology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Дек. 26, 2024
Despite
the
growing
scientific
interest
on
mitragynine,
primary
alkaloid
in
kratom
(Mitragyna
Speciosa),
there
is
a
lack
of
clinical
trials
humans.
This
phase
1
study
aimed
to
evaluate
mitragynine's
safety
profile
and
acute
effects
subjective
drug
experience,
neurocognition,
pain
tolerance.
A
placebo-controlled,
single-blind,
within-subjects
was
conducted
two
parts.
In
part
A,
eight
healthy
human
volunteers
received
placebo
three
doses
mitragynine
(5,
10,
20
mg)
sequential
dosing
scheme,
separate
days.
B,
second
group
seven
40
mg
mitragynine.
Vital
signs,
neurocognitive
function,
tolerance
were
measured
at
regular
intervals
for
7
h
after
administration.
Overall,
did
not
affect
most
outcome
measures
any
dose.
Yet,
lowest
dose
(5
increased
ratings
arousal
attention,
accuracy
sustained
attention
task,
motor
inhibition.
The
highest
(40
amnesia
produced
mild
psychopathological
symptoms.
Mitragynine
significantly
vital
only
mild,
transient
side
reported.
present
suggests
that
low
(5–10
may
cause
feelings
stimulation
enhance
while
inhibitory
distress.
up
well
tolerated
this
group.
Язык: Английский