Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
35(3), С. 349 - 358
Опубликована: Март 18, 2013
Exposure
to
the
endocrine
disruptor
(ED)
bisphenol
A
(BPA)
used
in
polycarbonate
plastic
and
epoxy
resins
appears
ubiquitous
since
BPA
can
be
found
over
90%
of
analyzed
urine
samples
from
all
age
groups.
There
is
a
parallel
occurrence
increased
prevalence
type
1
diabetes
mellitus
(T1DM)
an
exposure
EDs
last
decades.
T1DM
caused
by
insulin
deficiency
due
autoimmune
destruction
producing
pancreatic
beta
cells
has
been
suggested
induced
various
environmental
factors
acting
together
with
genetic
predisposition.
The
objective
present
study
was
investigate
effect
(0,
100
mg/l
drinking
water)
on
development
nonobese
diabetic
(NOD)
mice,
spontaneously
developing
T1DM.
Histological
evaluation
pancreas
12-weeks-old
female
mice
revealed
significantly
insulitis
exposed
BPA,
while
less
severe
at
higher
exposure.
Serum
glucose
levels
mg/ml
group
tended
hyperglycaemic,
also
indicating
accelerated
onset
high
seemed
counteract
females
male
NOD
for
both
concentrations.
Prior
insulitis,
concentrations
resulted
apoptosis
reduced
numbers
tissue
resident
macrophages
islets.
In
conclusion,
long-term
dose
three
times
than
tolerable
daily
intake
50
µg/kg,
appeared
accelerate
spontaneous
mice.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
unknown, С. 1 - 5
Опубликована: Ноя. 3, 2020
Coronavirus
(COVID-19)
is
an
infectious
disease
caused
by
a
newly
discovered
coronavirus.
We
reported
59-year-old
Yemeni
physician
who
was
treated
at
home
with
complaints
of
COVID-19
symptoms.
After
receiving
the
treatment
according
to
guidelines
established
in
Yemen,
patient
made
slow
recovery
from
8
May
2020
28
2020.
In
conclusion,
has
complicated
clinical
course
and
poor
prognosis.
Nevertheless,
early
aggressive
appropriate
protocol
could
improve
outcomes.
However,
COVID-19,
thyroid
gland
plays
role
immune
system
medical
professionals
should
consider
assessing
cases.
JAMA,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
322(7), С. 632 - 632
Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2019
Importance
Maternal
hypothyroidism
and
hyperthyroidism
are
risk
factors
for
preterm
birth.
Milder
thyroid
function
test
abnormalities
autoimmunity
more
prevalent,
but
it
remains
controversial
if
these
associated
with
Objective
To
study
maternal
Data
Sources
Study
Selection
Studies
were
identified
through
a
search
of
the
Ovid
MEDLINE,
EMBASE,
Web
Science,
Cochrane
Central
Register
Controlled
Trials,
Google
Scholar
databases
from
inception
to
March
18,
2018,
by
publishing
open
invitations
in
relevant
journals.
Data
sets
published
unpublished
prospective
cohort
studies
data
on
tests
(thyrotropin
[often
referred
as
thyroid-stimulating
hormone
or
TSH]
free
thyroxine
[FT4]
concentrations)
peroxidase
(TPO)
antibody
measurements
gestational
age
at
birth
screened
eligibility
2
independent
reviewers.
which
participants
received
treatment
based
abnormal
excluded.
Extraction
Synthesis
The
primary
authors
provided
individual
participant
that
analyzed
using
mixed-effects
models.
Main
Outcomes
Measures
outcome
was
(<37
weeks'
age).
Results
From
2526
reports,
35
cohorts
invited
participate.
After
addition
5
sets,
total
19
included.
population
included
47
045
pregnant
women
(mean
age,
29
years;
median
blood
sampling,
12.9
weeks),
whom
1234
(3.1%)
had
subclinical
(increased
thyrotropin
concentration
normal
FT4concentration),
904
(2.2%)
isolated
hypothyroxinemia
(decreased
FT4concentration
concentration),
3043
(7.5%)
TPO
positive;
2357
(5.0%)
higher
than
euthyroid
(6.1%
vs
5.0%,
respectively;
absolute
difference,
1.4%
[95%
CI,
0%-3.2%];
odds
ratio
[OR],
1.29
1.01-1.64]).
Among
hypothyroxinemia,
7.1%
5.0%
(absolute
2.3%
0.6%-4.5%];
OR,
1.46
1.12-1.90]).
In
continuous
analyses,
each
1-SD
0.2%
0%-0.4%]
per
1
SD;
1.04
1.00-1.09]
SD).
Thyroid
antibody–positive
antibody–negative
(6.6%
4.9%,
1.6%
0.7%-2.8%];
1.33
1.15-1.56]).
Conclusions
Relevance
without
overt
disease,
hypothyroidism,
positivity
significantly
These
results
provide
insights
toward
optimizing
clinical
decision-making
strategies
should
consider
potential
harms
benefits
screening
programs
levothyroxine
during
pregnancy.
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
22(4), С. 803 - 815
Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2020
Abstract
Coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
is
the
pandemic
of
new
millennium.
COVID-19
can
cause
both
pulmonary
and
systemic
inflammation,
potentially
determining
multi-organ
dysfunction.
Data
on
relationship
between
thyroid
have
been
emerging,
rapidly
increasing
since
March
2020.
The
gland
virus
infection
with
its
associated
inflammatory-immune
responses
are
known
to
be
engaged
in
complex
interplay.
SARS-CoV-2
uses
ACE2
combined
transmembrane
protease
serine
2
(TMPRSS2)
as
key
molecular
infect
host
cells.
Interestingly,
TMPRSS2
expression
levels
high
more
than
lungs.
Our
literature
search
provided
greater
evidence
that
entire
hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid
(HPT)
axis
could
relevant
targets
damage
by
SARS-CoV-2.
Specifically,
COVID-19-related
disorders
include
thyrotoxicosis,
hypothyroidism,
well
nonthyroidal
illness
syndrome.
Moreover,
we
noticed
treatment
plans
for
cancer
considerably
changing
direction
teleconsultations
less
diagnostic
therapeutical
procedures.
current
review
includes
findings
changed
soon
results
topic,
considering
rapidity
worldwide
research
COVID-19.
Endocrine Reviews,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
40(4), С. 1000 - 1047
Опубликована: Апрель 29, 2019
Thyroid
hormone
(TH)
molecules
enter
cells
via
membrane
transporters
and,
depending
on
the
cell
type,
can
be
activated
(i.e.,
T4
to
T3
conversion)
or
inactivated
3,3′-diiodo-l-thyronine
reverse
conversion).
These
reactions
are
catalyzed
by
deiodinases.
The
biologically
active
hormone,
T3,
eventually
binds
intracellular
TH
receptors
(TRs),
TRα
and
TRβ,
initiate
signaling,
that
is,
regulation
of
target
genes
other
metabolic
pathways.
At
least
three
families
transmembrane
transporters,
MCT,
OATP,
LAT,
facilitate
entry
into
cells,
which
follow
gradient
free
between
extracellular
fluid
cytoplasm.
Inactivation
marked
downregulation
dampen
signaling.
same
time,
dynamic
modifications
in
expression
activity
TRs
transcriptional
coregulators
affect
positively
negatively
intensity
However,
deiodinases
element
provides
greatest
amplitude
control
Cells
express
activating
deiodinase
DIO2
rapidly
enhance
signaling
due
buildup
T3.
In
contrast,
is
dampened
inactivating
DIO3.
This
explains
how
THs
regulate
pathways
development,
metabolism,
growth,
despite
rather
stable
levels
circulation.
As
a
consequence,
unique
for
each
(tissue
organ),
circulating
exclusive
blend
deiodinases,
present
cell.
this
review
we
explore
key
mechanisms
underlying
customization
during
health
disease
states.
Thyroid,
Год журнала:
2012,
Номер
23(1), С. 14 - 24
Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2012
Background:
Thyrotropin
receptor
(TSHR)
antibodies
that
stimulate
the
thyroid
(TSAb)
cause
Graves'
hyperthyroidism
and
TSHR
which
block
thyrotropin
action
(TBAb)
are
occasionally
responsible
for
hypothyroidism.
Unusual
patients
switch
from
TSAb
to
TBAb
(or
vice
versa)
with
concomitant
function
changes.
We
have
examined
case
reports
obtain
insight
into
basis
“switching.”
Summary:
switching
occurs
in
treated
levothyroxine
(LT4);
reverse
(TBAb
TSAb)
after
anti-thyroid
drug
therapy;
TSAb/TBAb
alterations
may
occur
during
pregnancy
well
recognized
transient
neonatal
dysfunction.
Factors
impact
shift
include:
(i)
LT4
treatment,
usually
associated
decreased
autoantibodies,
unusual
induces
or
enhances
autoantibody
levels;
(ii)
antithyroid
treatment
decreases
(iii)
can
polarize
antigen-presenting
cells,
leading
impaired
development
of
regulatory
T
thereby
compromising
control
autoimmunity;
(iv)
immune-suppression/hemodilution
reduces
autoantibodies
rebounds
postpartum;
(v)
maternally
transferred
IgG
transiently
impacts
neonates
until
metabolized;
(vi)
a
disease
model
involving
immunizing
TSHR-knockout
mice
mouse
TSHR-adenovirus
transfer
antibody-secreting
splenocytes
athymic
demonstrates
shift,
paralleling
outcome
“term
limited”
neonates.
Finally,
perhaps
most
important,
as
illustrated
by
dilution
analyses
patients'
sera
vitro,
antibody
concentrations
affinities
play
critical
role
functional
activities
vivo.
Conclusions:
Switching
between
therapy
hypothyroidism
disease.
These
changes
involve
differences
versus
concentrations,
and/or
potencies
individual
patients.
Thus,
drugs
suppression/hemodilution
reduce
initially
low
levels
even
further,
dominance.
In
contrast,
emergence
administration
be
sufficient
counteract
inhibition.
The
occurrence
“switching”
emphasizes
need
careful
patient
monitoring
management.
whole
genome
screening
relatively
rare
“switch”
appropriate
Hashimoto's
controls
could
provide
unexpected
valuable
information
regarding
autoimmunity.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Июнь 19, 2024
The
thyroid
gland
regulates
most
of
the
physiological
processes.
Environmental
factors,
including
climate
change,
pollution,
nutritional
changes,
and
exposure
to
chemicals,
have
been
recognized
impact
function
health.
Thyroid
disorders
cancer
increased
in
last
decade,
latter
increasing
by
1.1%
annually,
suggesting
that
environmental
contaminants
must
play
a
role.
This
narrative
review
explores
current
knowledge
on
relationships
among
factors
anatomy
function,
reporting
recent
data,
mechanisms,
gaps
through
which
act.
Global
warming
changes
living
both
iodine-poor
areas
volcanic
regions
can
represent
threat
favor
cancers
because
low
iodine
intake
heavy
metals
radon.
Areas
with
high
nitrate
nitrite
concentrations
water
soil
also
negatively
affect
function.
Air
particularly
particulate
matter
outdoor
air,
worsen
be
carcinogenic.
endocrine-disrupting
chemicals
alter
many
ways,
as
some
mimic
and/or
disrupt
hormone
synthesis,
release,
action
target
tissues,
such
bisphenols,
phthalates,
perchlorate,
per-
poly-fluoroalkyl
substances.
When
discussing
diet
nutrition,
there
is
evidence
microbiome-associated
an
elevated
consumption
animal
fat
would
associated
production
autoantibodies.
There
negative
effects
microplastics.
Finally,
infectious
diseases
significantly
function;
recently,
lessons
learned
from
SARS-CoV-2
pandemic.
Understanding
how
influence
crucial
for
developing
preventive
strategies
policies
guarantee
appropriate
development
healthy
metabolism
new
generations
preventing
disease
adults
elderly.
However,
are
understanding
warrant
further
research.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
7
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2013
The
developing
immune
system
and
central
nervous
in
the
fetus
child
are
extremely
sensitive
to
both
exogenous
endogenous
signals.
Early
programming,
leading
changes
that
can
persist
over
life
course,
has
been
suggested,
other
evidence
suggests
dysregulation
early
brain
may
play
a
role
neurodevelopmental
disorders
such
as
autism
spectrum
disorder
schizophrenia.
timing
of
with
respect
gestational
age
neurologic
development
shape
elicited
response.
This
creates
possible
window
programming
or
vulnerability.
review
will
explore
effects
prenatal
maternal
infant
nutritional
status
(from
conception
until
childhood)
well
stress
anxiety
on
function,
how
this
might
influence
neurodevelopment.
We
describe
fetal
maternal-fetal
interactions
provide
better
context
for
understanding
nutrition
system.
Finally,
we
discuss
implications
prevention
disorders,
focus
nutrition.
Although
certain
micronutrient
supplements
have
shown
reduce
risk
enhance
development,
do
not
know
whether
their
impact
contributes
preventive
effect
disorders.
Future
studies
needed
elucidate
relationship,
which
contribute
preventative
mechanisms.
Integrating
exposures
simultaneous
evaluation
neural
systems
shed
light
mechanisms
underlie
individual
vulnerability
resilience
ultimately
primary
preventions
interventions.