Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 39 - 55

Published: Nov. 4, 2016

Language: Английский

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Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 111 - 121

Published: Dec. 15, 2015

Language: Английский

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A Case Report of COVID-19 in Yemen: Detailed Clinical Observations

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 5

Published: Nov. 3, 2020

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. We reported 59-year-old Yemeni physician who was treated at home with complaints of COVID-19 symptoms. After receiving the treatment according to guidelines established in Yemen, patient made slow recovery from 8 May 2020 28 2020. In conclusion, has complicated clinical course and poor prognosis. Nevertheless, early aggressive appropriate protocol could improve outcomes. However, COVID-19, thyroid gland plays role immune system medical professionals should consider assessing cases.

Language: Английский

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Cytokine dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders (ASD): Possible role of the environment

Neurotoxicology and Teratology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 36, P. 67 - 81

Published: Aug. 17, 2012

Language: Английский

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Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth

JAMA, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 322(7), P. 632 - 632

Published: Aug. 20, 2019

Importance

Maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are risk factors for preterm birth. Milder thyroid function test abnormalities autoimmunity more prevalent, but it remains controversial if these associated with

Objective

To study maternal

Data Sources Study Selection

Studies were identified through a search of the Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web Science, Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials, Google Scholar databases from inception to March 18, 2018, by publishing open invitations in relevant journals. Data sets published unpublished prospective cohort studies data on tests (thyrotropin [often referred as thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH] free thyroxine [FT₄] concentrations) peroxidase (TPO) antibody measurements gestational age at birth screened eligibility 2 independent reviewers. which participants received treatment based abnormal excluded. Extraction Synthesis The primary authors provided individual participant that analyzed using mixed-effects models.

Main Outcomes Measures

outcome was (<37 weeks' age).

Results

From 2526 reports, 35 cohorts invited participate. After addition 5 sets, total 19 included. population included 47 045 pregnant women (mean age, 29 years; median blood sampling, 12.9 weeks), whom 1234 (3.1%) had subclinical (increased thyrotropin concentration normal FT₄concentration), 904 (2.2%) isolated hypothyroxinemia (decreased FT₄concentration concentration), 3043 (7.5%) TPO positive; 2357 (5.0%) higher than euthyroid (6.1% vs 5.0%, respectively; absolute difference, 1.4% [95% CI, 0%-3.2%]; odds ratio [OR], 1.29 1.01-1.64]). Among hypothyroxinemia, 7.1% 5.0% (absolute 2.3% 0.6%-4.5%]; OR, 1.46 1.12-1.90]). In continuous analyses, each 1-SD 0.2% 0%-0.4%] per 1 SD; 1.04 1.00-1.09] SD). Thyroid antibody–positive antibody–negative (6.6% 4.9%, 1.6% 0.7%-2.8%]; 1.33 1.15-1.56]).

Conclusions Relevance

without overt disease, hypothyroidism, positivity significantly These results provide insights toward optimizing clinical decision-making strategies should consider potential harms benefits screening programs levothyroxine during pregnancy.

Language: Английский

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Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 22(4), P. 803 - 815

Published: Nov. 25, 2020

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the pandemic of new millennium. COVID-19 can cause both pulmonary and systemic inflammation, potentially determining multi-organ dysfunction. Data on relationship between thyroid have been emerging, rapidly increasing since March 2020. The gland virus infection with its associated inflammatory-immune responses are known to be engaged in complex interplay. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 combined transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) as key molecular infect host cells. Interestingly, TMPRSS2 expression levels high more than lungs. Our literature search provided greater evidence that entire hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis could relevant targets damage by SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, COVID-19-related disorders include thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, well nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Moreover, we noticed treatment plans for cancer considerably changing direction teleconsultations less diagnostic therapeutical procedures. current review includes findings changed soon results topic, considering rapidity worldwide research COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 40(4), P. 1000 - 1047

Published: April 29, 2019

Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated 3,3′-diiodo-l-thyronine reverse conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, initiate signaling, that is, regulation of target genes other metabolic pathways. At least three families transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, LAT, facilitate entry into cells, which follow gradient free between extracellular fluid cytoplasm. Inactivation marked downregulation dampen signaling. same time, dynamic modifications in expression activity TRs transcriptional coregulators affect positively negatively intensity However, deiodinases element provides greatest amplitude control Cells express activating deiodinase DIO2 rapidly enhance signaling due buildup T3. In contrast, is dampened inactivating DIO3. This explains how THs regulate pathways development, metabolism, growth, despite rather stable levels circulation. As a consequence, unique for each (tissue organ), circulating exclusive blend deiodinases, present cell. this review we explore key mechanisms underlying customization during health disease states.

Language: Английский

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Thyrotropin-Blocking Autoantibodies and Thyroid-Stimulating Autoantibodies: Potential Mechanisms Involved in the Pendulum Swinging from Hypothyroidism to Hyperthyroidism or Vice Versa

Thyroid, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 23(1), P. 14 - 24

Published: Oct. 1, 2012

Background: Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies that stimulate the thyroid (TSAb) cause Graves' hyperthyroidism and TSHR which block thyrotropin action (TBAb) are occasionally responsible for hypothyroidism. Unusual patients switch from TSAb to TBAb (or vice versa) with concomitant function changes. We have examined case reports obtain insight into basis “switching.” Summary: switching occurs in treated levothyroxine (LT4); reverse (TBAb TSAb) after anti-thyroid drug therapy; TSAb/TBAb alterations may occur during pregnancy well recognized transient neonatal dysfunction. Factors impact shift include: (i) LT4 treatment, usually associated decreased autoantibodies, unusual induces or enhances autoantibody levels; (ii) antithyroid treatment decreases (iii) can polarize antigen-presenting cells, leading impaired development of regulatory T thereby compromising control autoimmunity; (iv) immune-suppression/hemodilution reduces autoantibodies rebounds postpartum; (v) maternally transferred IgG transiently impacts neonates until metabolized; (vi) a disease model involving immunizing TSHR-knockout mice mouse TSHR-adenovirus transfer antibody-secreting splenocytes athymic demonstrates shift, paralleling outcome “term limited” neonates. Finally, perhaps most important, as illustrated by dilution analyses patients' sera vitro, antibody concentrations affinities play critical role functional activities vivo. Conclusions: Switching between therapy hypothyroidism disease. These changes involve differences versus concentrations, and/or potencies individual patients. Thus, drugs suppression/hemodilution reduce initially low levels even further, dominance. In contrast, emergence administration be sufficient counteract inhibition. The occurrence “switching” emphasizes need careful patient monitoring management. whole genome screening relatively rare “switch” appropriate Hashimoto's controls could provide unexpected valuable information regarding autoimmunity.

Language: Английский

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The impact of environmental factors and contaminants on thyroid function and disease from fetal to adult life: current evidence and future directions

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: June 19, 2024

The thyroid gland regulates most of the physiological processes. Environmental factors, including climate change, pollution, nutritional changes, and exposure to chemicals, have been recognized impact function health. Thyroid disorders cancer increased in last decade, latter increasing by 1.1% annually, suggesting that environmental contaminants must play a role. This narrative review explores current knowledge on relationships among factors anatomy function, reporting recent data, mechanisms, gaps through which act. Global warming changes living both iodine-poor areas volcanic regions can represent threat favor cancers because low iodine intake heavy metals radon. Areas with high nitrate nitrite concentrations water soil also negatively affect function. Air particularly particulate matter outdoor air, worsen be carcinogenic. endocrine-disrupting chemicals alter many ways, as some mimic and/or disrupt hormone synthesis, release, action target tissues, such bisphenols, phthalates, perchlorate, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances. When discussing diet nutrition, there is evidence microbiome-associated an elevated consumption animal fat would associated production autoantibodies. There negative effects microplastics. Finally, infectious diseases significantly function; recently, lessons learned from SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Understanding how influence crucial for developing preventive strategies policies guarantee appropriate development healthy metabolism new generations preventing disease adults elderly. However, are understanding warrant further research.

Language: Английский

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The influence of maternal prenatal and early childhood nutrition and maternal prenatal stress on offspring immune system development and neurodevelopmental disorders

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Jan. 1, 2013

The developing immune system and central nervous in the fetus child are extremely sensitive to both exogenous endogenous signals. Early programming, leading changes that can persist over life course, has been suggested, other evidence suggests dysregulation early brain may play a role neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder schizophrenia. timing of with respect gestational age neurologic development shape elicited response. This creates possible window programming or vulnerability. review will explore effects prenatal maternal infant nutritional status (from conception until childhood) well stress anxiety on function, how this might influence neurodevelopment. We describe fetal maternal-fetal interactions provide better context for understanding nutrition system. Finally, we discuss implications prevention disorders, focus nutrition. Although certain micronutrient supplements have shown reduce risk enhance development, do not know whether their impact contributes preventive effect disorders. Future studies needed elucidate relationship, which contribute preventative mechanisms. Integrating exposures simultaneous evaluation neural systems shed light mechanisms underlie individual vulnerability resilience ultimately primary preventions interventions.

Language: Английский

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