Parasitism by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Insect Host Defense Strategies

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13(2), С. 283 - 283

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2025

Entomopathogenic fungi, a group of insect pathogens, are characterized by high insecticidal efficacy and minimal environmental impact. They commonly used as biopesticides for pest control due to their significant practical value. We here classify entomopathogenic fungi according the process fungal infection in hosts, changes host behavior during infection, mechanisms spore transmission, review strategies employed insects resist including physical barrier defenses, immune system behavioral avoidance pathogens. This also discusses pathogenic on closely linked co-evolution between pathogens defenses. In conclusion, perspective future research is provided, emphasizing impact population density concentration environment disease outbreaks.

Язык: Английский

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Ecotoxicity of Cadmium along the Soil-Cotton Plant-Cotton Bollworm System: Biotransfer, Trophic Accumulation, Plant Growth, Induction of Insect Detoxification Enzymes, and Immunocompetence

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 72(25), С. 14326 - 14336

Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2024

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous element that may jeopardize environmental safety and human health through biotransfer trophic accumulation. Here, we tested Cd toxicity on cotton plants, bollworms, their responses. Results demonstrated accumulated in plant roots, aerial parts, insect larvae, pupae, frass dose-dependent pattern. The ∼9.35 mg kg

Язык: Английский

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Changes in gene expression align with behavioural differences in reproductive choices in a social beetle

Insectes Sociaux, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 72(1), С. 89 - 98

Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2025

Abstract Social insects often share their colony with individuals of different relatedness levels and life stages. When no reproductive depression is in place, a female must choose whether to stay her natal group possibly limit potential or leave establish new colony. The factors governing following this decision are still largely unknown. date stone beetle Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Curculiondae) resides galleries carved inside seeds. Sibling mating common species. While most females raise offspring sisters, some start own, regardless resources’ availability within the group. In study, we hypothesized that dispersing should present physiological changes consistent anticipated challenges, including finding host egg laying, while physiology seed demonstrate related cohabiting an existing nest. To test our hypothesis, examined development ovaries ‘stayers’ ‘dispersers’ females. addition, sequenced analysed transcriptome pooled groups sisters. Our transcriptomic results indicate who left exhibit greater ovarian development. data revealed further differences between two groups, higher expression cuticle-related genes chose We discuss possible roles these continued

Язык: Английский

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The effect of population density on the phenotype, metabolic and immunological adaptations in the cuticle of Spodoptera litura larvae

Pest Management Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2025

Abstract BACKGROUND Species that experience outbreaks and those display density‐dependent phase polymorphism demonstrate prophylaxis (DDP) by increasing their immune investment in response to densities. Despite this phenomenon, the mechanisms of DDP remain largely unexplored. RESULTS Here, we showed Spodoptera litura exhibited heightened cuticular melanization enhanced responses when reared at higher population density. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with responses, nutritional metabolism, synthesis cuticle, revealing molecular underpinnings plasticity larval cuticles. Gregarious S. larvae significant up‐regulation immune‐related genes, particularly Toll deficiency (IMD) signaling pathways tyrosine suggesting a strategic enhancement defenses. Concurrently, reduced lipid metabolism was observed cuticle gregarious larvae, suppressed expression key fatty acid synthesis, leading decrease integument triglyceride content. The defense further amplified increased cuticle‐ melanin formation‐related chitin degradation, reinforcing as physical barrier against pathogens. CONCLUSION Our findings clarify shifts phenotypic plasticity, metabolic pathways, underscore adaptability insects density changes consequent vulnerability pathogens, offering new directions insights for uncovering underlying pest enhancing effectiveness biological control measures targeting immunity. © 2025 Society Chemical Industry.

Язык: Английский

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Novel genomic features in entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ILB308: accessory genomic regions and putative virulence genes involved in the infection process of soybean pest Piezodorus guildinii

Pest Management Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2025

Abstract BACKGROUND Biological control methods involving entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana have been shown to be a valuable approach in integrated pest management as an environmentally friendly alternative pests and pathogens. Identifying genetic determinants of pathogenicity B. is instrumental for enhancing its virulence against insects the resistant soybean Piezodorus guildinii . This study focused on comparative genomics different strains gene expression analyses identify genes hypervirulent strain ILB308, especially response infection P. growth hydrocarbon HC15, known enhancer. RESULTS Strain ILB308 showed highest number virulence‐related features, such candidate proteins, effectors, small secreted proteins biosynthetic clusters. also had high percentage unique DNA sequences, including six accessory scaffolds. Gene analysis at 4 days post inoculation revealed upregulation factors, Tudor domain LysM motif‐containing subtilisin‐like proteases novel encoding effectors heat‐labile enterotoxins. Growth HC15 led associated with oxidoreductase activity related cuticular alkane degradation fermentation metabolism/antioxidant responses hemolymph. The low points or unknown mechanisms acting interaction between ILB308. CONCLUSION presence genomic regions may contribute higher virulence. These could considered potential targets fungal through manipulation. © 2025 Society Chemical Industry.

Язык: Английский

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MaPac2, a Transcriptional Regulator, Is Involved in Conidiation, Stress Tolerances and Pathogenicity in Metarhizium acridum

Journal of Fungi, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(2), С. 100 - 100

Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2025

The Gti1/Pac2 protein family, which is highly conserved across fungi, pivotal in processes such as fungal development, spore formation, export, toxin production, and virulence. Despite its importance, the precise functions of Pac2 within entomopathogenic fungi have yet to be fully understood. In our study, MaPac2 gene from M. acridum was identified, were explored. Studying domain showed that comprises 422 amino acids with a characteristic family (Pfam09729). Additionally, predicted an N-terminal kinase A phosphorylation site potential cyclin-dependent site, highlighting regulatory roles fungus. Our findings indicate inactivation resulted faster germination conidia marked reduction conidial production. Furthermore, stress tolerance tests revealed absence significantly bolstered resilience UV-B radiation, heat shock, SDS exposure, stresses induced by hyperosmotic conditions oxidative challenges. Virulence assessments through bioassays indicated no substantial differences among WT, MaPac2-disrupted strain, CP strains topical inoculation trials. Interestingly, deletion increased virulence intrahemocoel injection. we found disruption impaired cuticle penetration due diminished appressorium formation but growth locust hemolymph. These provide further insights into played insect pathogenic fungi.

Язык: Английский

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Innate Immunity in Insects: The Lights and Shadows of Phenoloxidase System Activation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(3), С. 1320 - 1320

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2025

Melanogenesis and melanin deposition are processes essential for the effective immune response of insects to various invaders. Phenoloxidase (PO), produced in specialized cells as an inactive precursor prophenoloxidase (proPO), is key enzyme formation. The activated via limited proteolysis by a dedicated serine proteinase, which final element cascade proteinases (SPs) that make up PO system. provides different cytotoxic molecules active fighting infections, well melanin, important sequestration However, since reactive compounds generated during melanization also pose threat host cells, strict control system necessary self-protection. Different pathogens parasites influence through strategies, allow them survive develop insect body. In this review, we characterize “the lights shadows” activation, indicating, on one hand, its advantages efficient mechanism and, other dangers associated with improper functioning selected strategies regulating activity entomopathogenic organisms.

Язык: Английский

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An odorant-binding protein functions in fire ant social immunity interfacing with innate immunity

Open Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025

Social immunity-mediated sanitation behaviours occur in insects when microbially killed corpses are removed and/or dismembered by healthy nestmates. However, little is known concerning the chemical signals or receptor proteins that mediate these responses. Here, we identify cuticular components eusocial red important fire ant, Solenopsis invicta: behenic acid, which induces dismemberment behaviour, and oleic cis,cis-9,12-linoleic acids, inhibit a process mediated S. invicta odorant-binding protein-15 (SiOBP15). Yeast two-hybrid screening protein-protein interaction analyses identified ant immunity-related apolipophorin-III (SiApoLp-III) fatty acid binding protein-5 (SiFABP5) as SiOBP15 interacting partners. SiFABP5 bound all three dismemberment-related compounds, whereas interactions between SiApoLp-III narrowed to acid. RNAi-mediated gene expression knockdown of SiOBP15, revealed chemoreception determines behaviour via SiApoLp-III/SiOBP15, SiOBP15/SiFABP5 recognition linoleic inhibits behaviour. These data host circuit linking olfactory involved innate immunity control degree elicited response microbial infection. We specific cues transduced proteins, providing mechanism connecting olfaction-related processes immunity, host-pathogen social immunity.

Язык: Английский

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Morphotype-Specific Antifungal Defense in Cacopsylla chinensis Arises from Metabolic and Immune Network Restructuring

Insects, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16(5), С. 541 - 541

Опубликована: Май 20, 2025

Pear psylla (Cacopsylla chinensis), a major pear tree pest widely distributed in China, is increasingly affecting the productivity of orchards. This species exhibits seasonal polyphenism with two distinct forms, namely, summer form and winter form. Through topically applying Beauveria bassiana conidial suspensions to abdominal cuticle C. chinensis, we demonstrated that entomopathogenic fungus B. significant yet phenotypically divergent virulence against these forms. Using PacBio SMRT sequencing Illumina RNA-seq, analyzed transcriptomic changes post-infection, revealing form-specific immune responses, 18,232 5027 differentially expressed genes identified summer- winter-form psylla, respectively, total 3715 DEGs shared between phenotypes. In summer-form individuals, infection disrupted oxidative phosphorylation downregulated recognition genes, cellular immune-related signaling along upregulation inhibitor serpin, indicating immunosuppression. Conversely, glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes were upregulated after infection, suggesting system normally responds supports efficient defense through metabolic reprogramming fuel energy-demanding defenses. These findings advance our understanding chinensis/B. interactions, providing basis for elucidating regulation seasonally polymorphic insects. The results also inform strategies optimize bassiana-based biocontrol, contributing sustainable management.

Язык: Английский

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Fungal biocontrol agents in the management of soil-borne pathogens, insect pests, and nematodes: Mechanisms and implications for sustainable agriculture

The Microbe, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 100391 - 100391

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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