Possibility for reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to free-ranging wildlife: A case study of bats

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 16(9), С. e1008758 - e1008758

Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the substantial public health, economic, and societal consequences of virus spillover from a wildlife reservoir. Widespread human transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also presents new set challenges when considering viral people to naïve other animal populations. establishment reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 would further complicate health control measures could lead conservation impacts. Given likely bat origin related beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), free-ranging bats are key group concern humans back wildlife. Here, we review diversity natural host range β-CoVs in examine risk inadvertently infecting with SARS-CoV-2. Our global distribution β-CoV evolutionary lineages suggests that 40+ species temperate-zone North American be immunologically susceptible infection by We highlight an urgent need proactively connect wellbeing during current implement tools continue research while avoiding potentially impacts "spilling back" into

Язык: Английский

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Ecological interventions to prevent and manage zoonotic pathogen spillover

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 374(1782), С. 20180342 - 20180342

Опубликована: Авг. 12, 2019

Spillover of a pathogen from wildlife reservoir into human or livestock host requires the to overcome hierarchical series barriers. Interventions aimed at one more these barriers may be able prevent occurrence spillover. Here, we demonstrate how interventions that target ecological context in which spillover occurs (i.e. interventions) can complement conventional approaches like vaccination, treatment, disinfection and chemical control. Accelerating owing environmental change effective, affordable, durable scalable solutions fully harness complex processes involved cross-species This article is part theme issue ‘Dynamic integrative understanding spillover’.

Язык: Английский

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Macroimmunology: The drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defence

Journal of Animal Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 89(4), С. 972 - 995

Опубликована: Дек. 19, 2019

Abstract The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space is a key determinant infection risk humans, domestic animals threatened wildlife. Because the immune system serves as primary barrier to infection, replication transmission following exposure, we here consider environmental drivers immunity. Spatial variation parasite pressure, abiotic biotic conditions, anthropogenic factors can all shape immunity spatial scales. Identifying most important could help pre‐empt infectious disease risks, especially context how large‐scale such urbanization affect defence by changing conditions. We provide synthesis apply macroecological approaches study ecoimmunology (i.e. macroimmunology). first review that generate defence, highlighting need for studies differentiate competing predictors detailing contexts where this approach might be favoured over small‐scale experimental studies. next conduct systematic literature assess frequency classify them according taxa, measures, extent, statistical methods. 210 sampling multiple host populations. show whereas are relatively common, generally low unlikely sufficient or power hypotheses. also highlight biases macroimmunology, few characterize account dependence statistically, potentially affecting inferences relationships between conditions defence. use these findings describe tools from geostatistics modelling improve inference about associations immunological variation. In particular, emphasize exploratory guide greater mixed‐effects models variability while allowing researchers both individual‐ habitat‐level covariates. finally discuss future research priorities including focusing on latitudinal gradients, range expansions being amenable approaches. Methodologically, critical opportunities posed assessing tolerance, using metagenomics quantify coupling field with experiments longitudinal approaches, applying macroecology meta‐analysis identify generalizable patterns. Such work will facilitate scaling insights predict change may alter risk.

Язык: Английский

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Unifying spatial and social network analysis in disease ecology

Journal of Animal Ecology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 90(1), С. 45 - 61

Опубликована: Сен. 28, 2020

Abstract Social network analysis has achieved remarkable popularity in disease ecology, and is sometimes carried out without investigating spatial heterogeneity. Many investigations into sociality may nevertheless be subject to cryptic variation, so ignoring processes can limit inference regarding dynamics. Disease analyses gain breadth, power reliability from incorporating both social behavioural data. However, the tools for collecting analysing these data simultaneously complex unintuitive, it often unclear when variation must accounted for. These difficulties contribute scarcity of simultaneous spatial‐social ecology thus far. Here, we detail scenarios that benefit analysis. We describe procedures collection data, outline statistical approaches control estimate covariance analyses. hope researchers will expand more include components questions. measures increase scope such analyses, allowing accurate model estimates, better transmission modes, susceptibility effects contact scaling patterns, ultimately effective interventions.

Язык: Английский

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Reviewing the effects of food provisioning on wildlife immunity

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 373(1745), С. 20170088 - 20170088

Опубликована: Март 12, 2018

While urban expansion increasingly encroaches on natural habitats, many wildlife species capitalize anthropogenic food resources, which have the potential to both positively and negatively influence their responses infection. Here we examine how availability key nutrients been reported shape innate adaptive immunity in by drawing from field-based studies, as well captive restriction studies with species. Examples of provisioning enhancing immune function were seen across three study type distinctions, cases trace metals pharmaceuticals impairing More generally, field tended increase certain challenges, whereas patterns less clear studies. Mild often enhanced, severe frequently impaired immunity. However, enable stronger conclusions stress a need for further research, especially highlight importance integrating nutritional manipulation, challenge, functional outcomes. Despite current gaps research this topic, modern high throughput molecular approaches are feasible offer great opportunities better understand human influences health.This article is part theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies host-parasite dynamics wildlife'.

Язык: Английский

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Livestock abundance predicts vampire bat demography, immune profiles and bacterial infection risk

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 373(1745), С. 20170089 - 20170089

Опубликована: Март 12, 2018

Human activities create novel food resources that can alter wildlife–pathogen interactions. If amplify or dampen, pathogen transmission probably depends on both host ecology and biology, but studies measure responses to provisioning across scales are rare. We tested these relationships with a 4-year study of 369 common vampire bats 10 sites in Peru Belize differ the abundance livestock, an important anthropogenic source. quantified innate adaptive immunity from assessed infection two bacteria. predicted abundant livestock could reduce starvation foraging effort, allowing for greater investments immunity. Bats high-livestock had higher microbicidal activity proportions neutrophils lower immunoglobulin G lymphocytes, suggesting more investment relative either chronic stress exposure. This relationship was most pronounced reproductive bats, which were also sites, feedbacks between demographic correlates Infection Bartonella haemoplasmas correlated similar immune profiles, pathogens tended be less prevalent although effects weaker haemoplasmas. These differing might therefore reflect distinct processes. Predicting how alters host–pathogen interactions requires considering within-host processes modes respond resource shifts. article is part theme issue ‘Anthropogenic subsidies host–parasite dynamics wildlife’.

Язык: Английский

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An immune challenge reduces social grooming in vampire bats

Animal Behaviour, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 140, С. 141 - 149

Опубликована: Май 24, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Demographic and environmental drivers of metagenomic viral diversity in vampire bats

Molecular Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 29(1), С. 26 - 39

Опубликована: Сен. 28, 2019

Viruses infect all forms of life and play critical roles as agents disease, drivers biochemical cycles sources genetic diversity for their hosts. Our understanding viral derives primarily from comparisons among host species, precluding insight into how intraspecific variation in ecology affects communities or predictable are across populations. Here we test spatial, demographic environmental hypotheses explaining richness community composition populations common vampire bats, which occur diverse habitats North, Central South America. We demonstrate marked that was not consistently predicted by a null model declining similarity with increasing spatial distances separating also find no evidence larger bat colonies greater diversity. Instead, follows an elevational gradient, is enriched juvenile-biased age structure, declines local anthropogenic food resources measured livestock density. results establish the value linking modern influx metagenomic sequence data comparative ecology, reveal snapshot views unlikely to be representative at species level, affirm existing ecological theories link only single pathogen dynamics but communities.

Язык: Английский

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Habitat fragmentation is associated with dietary shifts and microbiota variability in common vampire bats

Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 9(11), С. 6508 - 6523

Опубликована: Май 9, 2019

Abstract Host ecological factors and external environmental are known to influence the structure of gut microbial communities, but few studies have examined impacts changes on microbiotas in free‐ranging animals. Rapid land‐use change has potential shift communities wildlife through exposure novel bacteria and/or by changing availability or quality local food resources. The consequences such host health fitness remain unknown may important implications for pathogen spillover between humans wildlife. To better understand microbiotas, we analyzed long‐term dietary trends, microbiota composition, innate immune function common vampire bats ( Desmodus rotundus ) two nearby sites Belize that vary landscape structure. We found living a small forest fragment had more homogenous diets indicative feeding livestock shifts heterogeneity, not overall compared those an intact reserve. also irrespective sampling site, which consumed relatively showed some core with less livestock. relative abundance members was associated function, suggesting future research should consider role defense its relationship zoonotic infection dynamics. suggest subsequent homogenization diet habitat loss rearing Neotropics lead disruption could downstream immunity cross‐species transmission.

Язык: Английский

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Ecological Niche Modeling: An Introduction for Veterinarians and Epidemiologists

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 7

Опубликована: Окт. 21, 2020

Most infectious diseases in animals are not distributed randomly. Instead, livestock and wildlife predictable terms of the geography, time, species affected. Ecological niche modeling approaches have been crucial to advancement our understanding diversity distributions. This contribution is an introductory overview field distributional ecology, with emphasis on its application for spatial epidemiology. A new, revised framework proposed more detailed replicable models that account both biology disease be modeled uncertainty data available. Considering systems need at least two organisms interacting (i.e., host pathogen), biotic interactions lie core pathogen's ecological niche. As a result, neglecting pathogen dynamics (e.g., maintenance, reproduction, transmission) may limit efforts forecast distributions veterinary Although limitations noted, it clear value epidemiology will increase future. Potential research lines include examination effects variables model performance, assessments protocols calibration systems, new tools metrics robust evaluation. Epidemiologists aiming employ theory methods reconstruct epidemics should familiarize literature must consider multidisciplinary collaborations including veterinarians develop biologically sound, statistically analyses. review attempts use from ecology mapping.

Язык: Английский

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