A distributed brain network predicts general intelligence from resting-state human neuroimaging data

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 373(1756), С. 20170284 - 20170284

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2018

Individual people differ in their ability to reason, solve problems, think abstractly, plan and learn. A reliable measure of this general ability, also known as intelligence, can be derived from scores across a diverse set cognitive tasks. There is great interest understanding the neural underpinnings individual differences because it single best predictor long-term life success. The most replicated correlate human intelligence date total brain volume; however, coarse morphometric says little about function. Here, we ask whether measurements activity resting (resting-state fMRI) might carry information intelligence. We used final release Young Adult Human Connectome Project ( N = 884 subjects after exclusions), providing full hour resting-state fMRI per subject; controlled for gender, age estimate on multiple Using cross-validated predictive framework, predicted 20% variance sampled population connectivity matrices. Interestingly, no anatomical structure or network was responsible necessary prediction, which instead relied redundant distributed brain. This article part theme issue ‘Causes consequences abilities’.

Язык: Английский

---

Measuring and understanding individual differences in cognition

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 373(1756), С. 20170280 - 20170280

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2018

Individuals vary in their cognitive performance. While this variation forms the foundation of study human psychometrics, its broader importance is only recently being recognized. Explicitly acknowledging individual found both humans and non-human animals provides a novel opportunity to understand mechanisms, development evolution cognition. The papers special issue highlight growing emphasis on differences from fields as diverse neurobiology, experimental psychology evolutionary biology. Here, we synthesize body work. We consider distinct challenges quantifying cognition provide concrete methodological recommendations. In particular, future studies would benefit using multiple task variants ensure they target specific, clearly defined traits conducting repeated testing assess consistency. then how neural, genetic, developmental behavioural factors may generate Finally, discuss potential fitness consequences place these into an framework with testable hypotheses. intend for stimulate researchers position at centre sciences.This article part theme 'Causes abilities'.

Язык: Английский

---

Morris water maze: a versatile and pertinent tool for assessing spatial learning and memory

EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 71(3), С. 264 - 280

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have ensured pertinence to date. These include effectiveness in evaluating hippocampal-dependent memory, exemption from motivational differences across diverse experimental manipulations, reliability various cross-species studies, adaptability conditions with test protocols. Nonetheless, throughout establishment, several analysis loopholes galvanized researchers assess ways which it could be improved adapted fill this gap. Therefore, review, we briefly summarize these developments since the early of establishment through most recent advancements computerized analysis, offering more comprehensive paradigms. In addition, discuss different versions paradigms, providing suggestions regard best paradigms particular conditions. Hence, proper selection protocols, consideration assay’s limitations should carefully considered. Given that appropriate measures are taken, adaptations made, will likely remain relevant mechanisms

Язык: Английский

---

Comparative psychometrics: establishing what differs is central to understanding what evolves

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 373(1756), С. 20170283 - 20170283

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2018

Cognitive abilities cannot be measured directly. What we can measure is individual variation in task performance. In this paper, first make the case for why should interested mapping differences performance onto particular cognitive abilities: suggest that it crucial examining causes and consequences of both within between species. As a study, examine whether multiple measures inhibitory control non-human animals do indeed produce correlated performance; however, no clear pattern emerges would support notion common ability underpinning We advocate psychometric approach involving three-step programme to theoretical empirical progress: first, need tasks reveal signature limits Second, assess reliability Third, multi-trait multi-method test batteries will instrumental validating abilities. Together, these steps help us establish what varies individuals could impact their fitness ultimately shape course evolution animal minds. Finally, propose executive functions, including working memory, attentional shifting, as sensible starting point endeavour. This article part theme issue ‘Causes abilities’.

Язык: Английский

---

Behavioral flexibility: A review, a model, and some exploratory tests

Learning & Behavior, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 48(1), С. 173 - 187

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2020

Abstract This paper aimed to explore and clarify the concept of behavioral flexibility. A selective literature review explored how flexibility has been used in ways that range from acknowledging fact animals’ behavior is not always bounded by instinctual constraints, describing variation between species their capacity for innovative foraging, a repeatedly linked having brain larger than would be predicted body size. wide usages single term led some conceptual confusion. We sought find more precise meaning representing it within simple formal model problem solving. The key our distinguish an animal’s state knowledge about world its observable behavior, using construct response strength represent underlying knowledge. modelled as parameter function transforms strengths into probabilities. tested this simulations based on recent experimental work animal Initial results showed parametric manipulation can mimic effects have attributed

Язык: Английский

---

Omega‐3 PUFA profoundly affect neural, physiological, and behavioural competences – implications for systemic changes in trophic interactions

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 96(5), С. 2127 - 2145

Опубликована: Май 20, 2021

Abstract In recent decades, much conceptual thinking in trophic ecology has been guided by theories of nutrient limitation and the flow elements, such as carbon nitrogen, within among ecosystems. More recently, ecologists have also turned their attention to examining value specific dietary nutrients, particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which omega‐3 PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic (DHA) play a central role essential components neuronal cell membranes many organisms. This review focuses on new neuro‐ecological approach stemming from biochemical (mechanistic) physiological (functional) DHA membranes, conjunction with G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We link co‐evolution these neurological functions metabolic dependency PUFA. outline ways deficiencies supply may affect, cognition, vision, behaviour, ultimately, biological fitness consumers. then emerging evidence that changes access PUFA ultimately profound impacts interactions leading potential community structure ecosystem functioning that, turn, affect across ecosystems, including for human consumption.

Язык: Английский

---

Differences in resource acquisition, not allocation, mediate the relationship between behaviour and fitness: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 97(2), С. 708 - 731

Опубликована: Дек. 2, 2021

Within populations, individuals often show repeatable variation in behaviour, called 'animal personality'. In the last few decades, numerous empirical studies have attempted to elucidate mechanisms maintaining this variation, such as life-history trade-offs. Theory predicts that among-individual behavioural traits could be maintained if are positively associated with reproduction simultaneously decreased survival, different levels of expression lead same net fitness outcome. However, resource acquisition may also important mediating relationship between individual behaviour and components (survival reproduction). For example, certain phenotypes (e.g. dominance or aggressiveness) higher acquisition, those both relative others population. When differ their ability acquire resources, trade-offs only expected observed at within-individual level (i.e. for a given amount resource, an increases its allocation reproduction, it comes cost vice versa), while among increased survival reproduction. We performed systematic review meta-analysis, asking: (i) do differences reflect and/or allocation, (ii) is affected by type testing environment? Our meta-analysis consisted 759 estimates from 193 studies. revealed positive correlation pairs using proxies. That is, study, behaviours were suggesting largely reflects acquisition. Furthermore, we found proxies phenotypic level. This significant because demonstrated these correlations primarily correlations. Thus, even when accounting did not find evidence Overall, was statistically zero among-individual, phenotypic, levels; category nor condition. highlights more driving than previously thought, including suggest come about via heterogeneity availability age-related effects, age leading state-dependent shifts increase emphasize future examining populations should test link - within individuals. Such work will allow field animal personality develop specific predictions regarding effect on consequences behaviour.

Язык: Английский

---

Learning in non‐avian reptiles 40 years on: advances and promising new directions

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 96(2), С. 331 - 356

Опубликована: Окт. 19, 2020

ABSTRACT Recently, there has been a surge in cognition research using non‐avian reptile systems. As diverse group of animals, reptiles [turtles, the tuatara, crocodylians, and squamates (lizards, snakes amphisbaenids)] are good model systems for answering questions related to cognitive ecology, from role environment on brain, behaviour learning, how social life‐history factors correlate with learning ability. Furthermore, given their variable structure degree sociality, studies have shown that living is not pre‐condition learning. Past demonstrated capable more than just instinctive reactions basic cognition. Despite ability provide answers fundamental growing literature, no recent systematic syntheses this group. Here, we systematically, comprehensively review We identify 92 new investigating included previous reviews topic – affording unique opportunity in‐depth synthesis existing work, its taxonomic distribution, types domains tested methodologies used. Our therefore provides major update our current state knowledge ties collective evidence together under nine umbrella areas: ( i ) habituation behaviour, ii animal training through conditioning, iii avoiding aversive stimuli, iv spatial memory, v during foraging, vi quality quantity discrimination, vii responding change, viii solving novel problems, ix Importantly, gaps propose themes which offer important future opportunities including might influence fitness survival, testing ecologically relevant situations, comparing invasive non‐invasive populations species, To move field forward, it will be immensely build upon descriptive approach whether species can learn task experimental elucidating causal reasons variation within among species. With appropriate methodology, young but rapidly should advance greatly coming years providing significant addressing general ecology beyond.

Язык: Английский

---

Long-term repeatability of cognitive performance

Royal Society Open Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(5)

Опубликована: Май 1, 2022

Measures of cognitive performance, derived from psychometric tasks, have yielded important insights into the factors governing variation. However, concerns remain over robustness these measures, which may be susceptible to non-cognitive such as motivation and persistence. Efforts quantify short-term repeatability performance gone some way address this, but crucially long-term has been largely overlooked. Quantifying provides opportunity determine stability phenotypes potential for selection act on them. To this end, we quantified in wild Australian magpies a three-year period. Cognitive was repeatable two out four tasks-associative learning reversal-learning repeatable, spatial memory inhibitory control although trending toward significance, not. general obtained principal components analyses carried each test battery, were highly repeatable. Together, findings provide evidence that at least are stable, turn implications our understanding evolution.

Язык: Английский

---

How to behave when marooned: the behavioural component of the island syndrome remains underexplored

Biology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 18(4)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2022

Animals on islands typically depart from their mainland relatives in assorted aspects of biology. Because they seem to occur concert, and some extent evolve convergently disparate taxa, these changes are referred as the ‘island syndrome’. While morphological, physiological life-history components island syndrome have received considerable attention, much less is known about how insularity affects behaviour. In this paper, we argue why personality traits cognitive abilities can be expected form part syndrome. We provide an overview studies that compared between populations, or among islands. Overall, pickings remarkably slim. There evidence animals tend bolder than mainland, but effects other go either way. The for style highly circumstantial very mixed. Finally, consider ecological drivers may induce such changes, mechanisms through which might occur. conclude our knowledge behavioural responses environments remains limited, encourage biologists make more use ‘natural laboratories evolution’.

Язык: Английский

---