Addiction,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
117(6), С. 1510 - 1517
Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2021
Abstract
Background
The
lack
of
an
agreed
international
minimum
approach
to
measuring
cannabis
use
hinders
the
integration
multidisciplinary
evidence
on
psychosocial,
neurocognitive,
clinical
and
public
health
consequences
use.
Methods
A
group
25
expert
researchers
convened
discuss
a
framework
for
standards
measure
globally
in
diverse
settings.
Results
expert‐based
consensus
upon
three‐layered
hierarchical
framework.
Each
layer—universal
measures,
detailed
self‐report
biological
measures—reflected
different
research
priorities
standards,
costs
ease
implementation.
Additional
work
is
needed
develop
valid
precise
assessments.
Conclusions
Consistent
proposed
across
research,
health,
practice
medical
settings
would
facilitate
harmonisation
consumption,
related
harms
approaches
their
mitigation.
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
3(1), С. 179 - 189
Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2018
Introduction:
The
opioid
epidemic
has
become
an
immense
problem
in
North
America,
and
despite
decades
of
research
on
the
most
effective
means
to
treat
use
disorder
(OUD),
overdose
deaths
are
at
all-time
high,
relapse
remains
pervasive.
Discussion:
Although
there
a
number
FDA-approved
replacement
therapies
maintenance
medications
help
ease
severity
withdrawal
symptoms
aid
prevention,
these
not
risk
free
nor
they
successful
for
all
patients.
Furthermore,
legal
logistical
bottlenecks
obtaining
traditional
such
as
methadone
or
buprenorphine,
demand
services
far
outweighs
supply
access.
To
fill
gap
between
efficacious
OUD
treatments
widespread
prevalence
misuse,
relapse,
overdose,
development
novel,
alternative,
adjunct
treatment
is
highly
warranted.
In
this
article,
we
review
emerging
evidence
that
suggests
cannabis
may
play
role
ameliorating
impact
OUD.
Herein,
highlight
knowledge
gaps
discuss
cannabis'
potential
prevent
misuse
(as
analgesic
alternative),
alleviate
symptoms,
decrease
likelihood
relapse.
Conclusion:
compelling
nature
data
relative
safety
profile
warrant
further
exploration
alternative
Abstract
The
majority
of
adults
in
the
U.S.
now
have
state-legal
access
to
medical
or
recreational
cannabis
products,
despite
their
federal
prohibition.
Given
wide
array
pharmacologically
active
compounds
these
it
is
essential
that
biochemical
profile
measured
and
reported
consumers,
which
requires
accurate
laboratory
testing.
However,
no
universal
standards
for
testing
protocols
currently
exist,
there
controversy
as
whether
all
results
are
legitimate.
To
investigate
concerns,
we
analyzed
a
publicly
available
seed-to-sale
traceability
dataset
from
Washington
state
containing
measurements
cannabinoid
content
legal
products
state-certified
laboratories.
Consistent
with
previous
work,
found
commercial
Cannabis
strains
fall
into
three
broad
chemotypes
defined
by
THC:CBD
ratio.
Moreover,
documented
systematic
differences
different
laboratories,
relative
stability
levels
flower
concentrates
over
time,
between
popular
strains.
Importantly,
interlab
reporting
persisted
even
after
controlling
plausible
confounds.
Our
underscore
need
standardized
methodologies
industry
provide
framework
quantitatively
assessing
quality.
Drug and Alcohol Review,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
39(4), С. 337 - 346
Опубликована: Апрель 14, 2020
There
is
little
objective
market
data
on
the
price
or
potency
of
legal
and
illegal
cannabis
products
following
recreational
legalisation.In
2
months
post-legalisation
in
Canada
(November-December
2018),
retailers
were
identified
from
government
lists
online
directories.
The
store
location,
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
cannabidiol
levels
dried
herb
cookies
collected
retailer
websites
Weedmaps.We
185
(22
stores,
163
storefronts;
65
government-run
120
private
stores)
944
(791
delivery-only
services,
157
storefronts).
Relative
to
herb,
was
lower
(1
g:
$10.23
vs.
$11.08,
⅛
oz:
$9.37/g
$10.88/g,
½
$8.18/g
$8.85/g;
P
<
0.05
for
all)
higher
(THC:
20.5%
16.1%,
cannabidiol:
2.4%
1.7%;
both).
Legal
stores
had
prices
than
$13.08
$10.89,
$12.75/g
$10.45/g,
$10.85/g
$8.71/g,
1
$8.54/g
$7.22/g;
all).
On
average,
one
cookie
contained
96
mg
THC
cost
$1.57
per
10
THC.In
post-legalisation,
less
expensive,
with
labelled
content
cannabis,
although
scope
these
differences
more
modest
estimates
other
crowdsourced
self-reported
data.
Direct
monitoring
needed
examine
impact
legalisation
over
time.
PLoS ONE,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
15(3), С. e0230167 - e0230167
Опубликована: Март 26, 2020
Cannabis
related
online
searches
are
associated
with
positive
attitudes
toward
medical
cannabis,
particularly
when
information
is
obtained
from
dispensaries.
Since
pain
the
main
reason
for
medicinal
cannabis
use,
dispensary
websites
has
potential
to
shape
attitude
of
patients
towards
cannabis.
This
relevant
because
demonstrated
efficacy
in
neuropathic
low
tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
concentrations
(<
5–10%),
contrast
potent
(>15%
THC),
which
highly
rewarded
recreational
realm.
The
role
CBD
not
clear,
however
it
gained
popularity.
Thus,
we
hypothesize
that
potency
advertised
similar
purposes,
would
potentially
create
a
misconception
current
lack
knowledge
surrounding
potencies
legal
market
limits
ability
generate
clear
policies
regarding
advertising
protect
willing
use
their
condition.
evaluated
THC
and
content
products
offered
dispensaries
United
States
determine
products'
suitability
compare
strength
programs.
We
recorded
all
herb
provided
by
compared
them
between
or
within
states.
Four
Western
states
(CA,
CO,
NM,
WA)
five
Northeastern
(ME,
MA,
NH,
RI,
VT)
were
included.
A
total
8,505
across
653
sampled.
Despite
differences
uses
average
concentration
programs
was
(19.2%
±6.2)
(21.5%
±6.0)
different
programs,
same
(CO
WA).
Lower
accompanied
higher
products.
majority
products,
regardless
have
>15%
(70.3%
-
91.4%
products).
These
stated
seem
unsuitable
chronic
pain.
Therefore,
this
could
induce
high
safe
treat
data
consistent
reports
nationwide
illegal
actually
measured,
indicates
consuming
these
may
be
at
risk
acute
intoxication
long-term
side
effects.
Our
study
offers
grounds
develop
help
prevent
misconceptions
reduce
risks
patients.
Addiction,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
114(6), С. 1015 - 1023
Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2018
To
quantify
changes
in
(i)
potency
(concentration
of
Δ9
-tetrahydrocannabinol;
%THC),
(ii)
price
(euros/g
cannabis)
and
(iii)
value
(mg
THC/euro)
cannabis
resin
herbal
Europe.Repeated
cross-sectional
study.Data
collected
from
28
European
Union
(EU)
member
states,
Norway
Turkey
by
the
Monitoring
Centre
for
Drugs
Drug
Addiction.Outcome
variables
were
potency,
Europe,
2006-16.
Inflation
was
estimated
using
Harmonised
Indices
Consumer
Prices.
Mixed-effects
linear
regression
models
used
to
estimate
quadratic
time
trends,
with
a
random
intercept
slope
fitted
account
variation
across
countries.Resin
increased
mean
[95%
confidence
interval
(CI)]
8.14%
THC
(6.89,
9.49)
2006
17.22
(15.23,
19.25)
2016.
Resin
8.21
euros/g
(7.54,
8.97)
12.27
(10.62,
14.16).
value,
11.00
mg
per
euro
(8.60,
13.62)
16.39
(13.68,
19.05).
Quadratic
trends
indicated
minimal
change
2011,
followed
marked
increases
2011
Herbal
5.00%
(3.91,
6.23)
10.22
(9.01,
11.47).
7.36
(6.22,
8.53)
12.22
(10.59,
14.03).
The
did
not
12.65
(10.18,
15.34)
12.72
(10.73,
14.73).
All
persisted
after
adjusting
inflation.European
Cannabis
(but
quantity
-tetrahydrocannabinol
spent.
Marked
2016
are
consistent
emergence
new
production
techniques
neighbouring
drug
markets.
Journal of Affective Disorders,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
235, С. 198 - 205
Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2018
Cannabis
is
commonly
used
to
alleviate
symptoms
of
negative
affect.
However,
a
paucity
research
has
examined
the
acute
effects
cannabis
on
affect
in
everyday
life.
The
current
study
provides
naturalistic
account
perceived
changes
depression,
anxiety,
and
stress
as
function
dose
concentration
Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
cannabidiol
(CBD).Data
from
app
StrainprintTM
(which
medical
users
means
tracking
different
doses
chemotypes
cannabis)
were
analyzed
using
multilevel
modeling.
In
total,
11,953
tracked
sessions
(3,151
for
5,085
3,717
stress).Medical
50%
reduction
depression
58%
anxiety
following
use.
Two
puffs
sufficient
reduce
ratings
while
10+
produced
greatest
reductions
stress.
High
CBD
(>9.5%)/low
THC
(<5.5%)
was
associated
with
largest
ratings,
high
(>11%)/high
(>26.5%)
No
efficacy
detected
across
time.
baseline
(but
not
or
stress)
appeared
be
exacerbated
time/tracked
sessions.The
primary
limitations
are
self-selected
nature
sample
inability
control
expectancy
effects.Cannabis
reduces
short-term,
but
continued
use
may
exacerbate
over
Psychological Medicine,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
48(14), С. 2346 - 2352
Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2018
Abstract
Background
The
number
of
people
entering
specialist
drug
treatment
for
cannabis
problems
has
increased
considerably
in
recent
years.
reasons
this
are
unclear,
but
rising
potency
could
be
a
contributing
factor.
Methods
Cannabis
data
were
obtained
from
an
ongoing
monitoring
programme
the
Netherlands.
We
analysed
concentrations
δ
-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
most
popular
variety
domestic
herbal
sold
each
retail
outlet
(2000–2015).
Mixed
effects
linear
regression
models
examined
time-dependent
associations
between
THC
and
first-time
admissions
to
treatment.
Candidate
time
lags
0–10
years,
based
on
normative
European
data.
Results
mean
(95%
CI)
8.62
(7.97–9.27)
20.38
(19.09–21.67)
2000
2004
then
decreased
15.31
(14.24–16.38)
2015.
First-time
(per
100
000
inhabitants)
rose
7.08
26.36
2010,
19.82
was
positively
associated
with
entry
at
0–9
strongest
association
5
b
=
0.370
(0.317–0.424),
p
<
0.0001.
After
adjusting
age,
sex
non-cannabis
admissions,
these
positive
attenuated
remained
statistically
significant
5–7
years
again
0.082
(0.052–0.111),
Conclusions
In
16-year
observational
study,
we
found
changes
These
biologically
plausible,
their
strength
after
adjustment
suggests
that
other
factors
also
important.
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
74(7), С. 415 - 428
Опубликована: Июль 1, 2019
Importance
Marijuana
is
the
most
commonly
used
dependent
substance
in
pregnancy.
The
main
active
chemical
of
marijuana
(delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
[THC])
readily
crosses
placenta,
and
cannabinoid
receptors
have
been
identified
fetal
brain
placenta.
As
a
result,
prenatal
use
could
potentially
detrimental
impact
on
development.
Objective
This
review
aims
to
summarize
existing
literature
current
recommendations
for
while
pregnant
or
lactating.
Evidence
Acquisition
A
PubMed
search
using
following
terms
was
performed
gather
relevant
data:
“cannabis,”
“cannabinoids,”
“marijuana,”
“fetal
outcomes,”
“perinatal
“pregnancy,”
“lactation.”
Results
Available
studies
exposure
pregnancy
were
reviewed
support
some
degree
developmental
disruption,
including
an
increased
risk
growth
restriction
adverse
neurodevelopmental
consequences.
However,
much
research
1980s,
when
quantities
THC
lower
frequency
less.
Additionally,
human
are
also
limited
conflicting
as
observational
retrospective,
relying
primarily
patient
self-report
confounded
by
polysubstance
abuse
small
sample
sizes,
precluding
determination
causal
effect
specific
marijuana.
Given
paucity
evidence,
it
currently
recommended
avoid
breastfeeding.
Conclusion
Relevance
There
critical
need
effects
present-day
doses.
Once
perinatal
well
characterized,
education
antenatal
surveillance
can
be
developed
predict
mitigate
its
maternal
health.
Target
Audience
Obstetricians
gynecologists,
family
physicians.
Learning
Objectives
After
participating
this
activity,
provider
should
better
able
counsel
patients
regarding
use;
assess
during
explain
