Excess forest mortality is consistently linked to drought across Europe

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 11(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 3, 2020

Abstract Pulses of tree mortality caused by drought have been reported recently in forests around the globe, but large-scale quantitative evidence is lacking for Europe. Analyzing high-resolution annual satellite-based canopy maps from 1987 to 2016 we here show that excess forest (i.e., exceeding long-term trend) significantly related across continental The relationship between water availability and showed threshold behavior, with increasing steeply when integrated climatic balance March July fell below −1.6 standard deviations its average. For −3.0 probability was 91.6% (83.8–97.5%). Overall, approximately 500,000 ha We provide an important driver at scale, suggest a future increase could trigger widespread

Язык: Английский

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Bark Beetle Outbreaks in Europe: State of Knowledge and Ways Forward for Management

Current Forestry Reports, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 7(3), С. 138 - 165

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Emergent vulnerability to climate-driven disturbances in European forests

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2021

Abstract Forest disturbance regimes are expected to intensify as Earth’s climate changes. Quantifying forest vulnerability disturbances and understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial develop mitigation adaptation strategies. However, observational evidence largely missing at regional continental scales. Here, we quantify of European forests fires, windthrows insect outbreaks during period 1979–2018 by integrating machine learning with data satellite products. We show that about 33.4 billion tonnes biomass could be seriously affected these disturbances, higher relative losses when exposed (40%) fires (34%) compared (26%). The spatial pattern in strongly controlled interplay between characteristics background climate. Hotspot regions for located borders envelope, both southern northern Europe. There a clear trend overall driven warming-induced reduction plant defence outbreaks, especially high latitudes.

Язык: Английский

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Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 15, 2018

Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable and analyzed whether recent episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, if human influence modulates patterns of disturbance. combined remote sensing data on (2001-2014) with in-depth information for 50 protected landscapes their surroundings across temperate biome. Disturbance highly variable, shaped variation agents traits prevailing tree species. However, high activity is linked warmer drier than average conditions globe. Disturbances areas smaller more complex shape compared affected land use. This signal disappears natural activity, underlining potential climate-mediated transform landscapes.

Язык: Английский

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Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications

Forest Ecology and Management, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 490, С. 119075 - 119075

Опубликована: Март 18, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Responses of forest insect pests to climate change: not so simple

Current Opinion in Insect Science, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 35, С. 103 - 108

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2019

Climate change is a multi-faceted phenomenon, including elevated CO2, warmer temperatures, more severe droughts and frequent storms. All these components can affect forest pests directly, or indirectly through interactions with host trees natural enemies. Most of the responses insect herbivores to climate are expected be positive, shorter generation time, higher fecundity survival, leading increased range expansion outbreaks. Forest pest also benefit from synergistic effects several pressures, such as hotter However, lesser known negative likely, lethal heat waves thermal shocks, less palatable tissues abundant parasitoids predators. The complex interplay between abiotic stressors, trees, their enemies makes it very difficult predict overall consequences on health. This calls for development process-based models simulate population dynamics under scenarios.

Язык: Английский

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Bark Beetle Population Dynamics in the Anthropocene: Challenges and Solutions

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 34(10), С. 914 - 924

Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2019

Bark beetles are currently causing unprecedented damage to European and North American forests.Their population dynamics rarely have been studied in a hypothesis-driven manner incorporating exogenous biotic variables.We propose conceptual framework reveal the drivers of bark beetle populations.This approach can be equally applied other eruptive insect pests. Tree-killing most economically important insects conifer forests worldwide. However, despite >200 years research, eruptions crashes still not fully understood existing knowledge is thus insufficient face challenges posed by Anthropocene. We critically analyze potential abiotic an exemplary species, spruce (ESBB) (Ips typographus) present multivariate that integrates many governing this system. call for hypothesis-driven, large-scale collaborative research efforts improve our understanding Our serve as blueprint tackling forest insects. The abundance organism determined variety factors related intra- interspecific interactions well conditions [1.Thompson J.N. Coevolutionary Process. University Chicago Press, 1994Crossref Google Scholar]. In ecology, researchers fascinated challenged diversity govern foliage-feeding moths (various Lepidoptera families) tree-killing (see Glossary) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), including influence host trees, symbionts, natural enemies, competitors (Table 1) climate land use [2.Weed A.S. et al.Population beetles.in: Vega F.E. Hofstetter R.W. Beetles: Biology Ecology Native Invasive Species. Academic 2015: 157-176Crossref Scopus (12) Scholar, 3.Lindgren B.S. Raffa K.F. Evolution tree killing Curculionidae): trade-offs between maddening crowds sticky situation.Can. Entomol. 2013; 145: 471-495Crossref (56) 4.Safranyik L. Carroll A.L. biology epidemiology mountain pine lodgepole forests.in: Safranyik Wilson W.R. Mountain Pine Beetle: A Synthesis Biology, Management, Impacts on Lodgepole Pine. Canadian Forest Service, 2006: 3-66Google 5.Berryman A.A. theory classification outbreaks.in: Barbosa P. Schultz J.C. Insect Outbreaks. 1987: 3-30Crossref 6.Myers J.H. Corry J.S. Population cycles lepidoptera: evolution impacts changing climates.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44: 565-592Crossref (65) 7.Myers cycles: generalities, exceptions remaining mysteries.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2018; 28520172841Crossref PubMed (33) Given joint effect these their hosts 8.Kausrud K. environments: case pest species.Biol. 2012; 87: 34-51Crossref (94) 9.Raffa al.Cross-scale disturbances prone anthropogenic amplification: eruptions.Bioscience. 2008; 58: 501-517Crossref (1131) Scholar], it questionable whether we prepared deal with Anthropocene (i.e., climatic changes intensification management) [10.Crutzen P.J. "Anthropocene".in: Ehlers E. Krafft T. Earth System Science Springer, 13-18Crossref (440) Scholar].Table 1Exemplary Species That Exhibit Outbreaks Their Biotic Regulators (after 14.Amman G.D. Scolytidae) mortality three types infestations.Environ. 1984; 13: 184-191Crossref 22.Nealis V. Comparative ecology conifer-feeding budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).Can. 2016; 148: S33-S57Crossref (41) 26.Hofstetter al.Symbiotic associations 209-245Crossref (76) 34.Wegensteiner R. al.Natural enemies beetles: predators, parasitoids, pathogens, nematodes.in: 247-304Crossref (54) Scholar)Main regulatory factoraThe role particularly interaction environment [10] any systems. acting inInsectTree hostNon-outbreak populationsOutbreak populationsSpruce budworms, Choristoneura spp.ConifersNatural (predators, specialist parasitoids)Food quality, (generalist parasitoids)Gypsy moth, Lymantria disparDeciduous treesNatural parasites)Food depletion, (pathogens)European sawfly, Neodiprion sertiferPinus spp.Natural (predators)Food woodwasp, Sirex noctilioConifersHost resistance, (parasites)Food (parasites)Australian psyllid, Cardiaspina albitexturaEucalyptus depletionMountain beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosaePinus spp.Host competitionHost resistanceSouthern frontalisPinus resistanceHost mite-associated antagonistic fungiESBB, Ips typographusPicea inter- intraspecific competitiona 10.Crutzen Scholar Open table new tab Studies insects, beetles, focus variables easily measured over large geographic temporal scales, like abundance, connectivity, 11.Marini al.Climate outbreak Norway forests.Ecography. 2017; 40: 1426-1435Crossref (134) By contrast, more difficult measure at scales there lack roles regulating abundances. Support importance comes from small-scale studies effects symbionts [12.Hofstetter al.Antagonisms, mutualisms commensalisms affect southern beetle.Oecologia. 2006; 147: 679-691Crossref (122) 13.Myers J. Cory pathogens populations Lepidoptera.Evol. Appl. 2015; 9: 231-247Crossref (48) [6.Myers 15.Berryman What causes Lepidoptera?.Trends 1996; 11: 28-32Abstract Full Text PDF (200) 16.Linit M. Stephen F. Parasite predator component within-tree mortality.Can. 1983; 115: 679-688Crossref (42) 17.Moore G.E. Southern Carolina caused parasites predators.Environ. 1972; 1: 58-65Crossref genotype [18.Wallin Feedback individual selection behavior herbivore.Ecol. Monogr. 2004; 74: 101-116Crossref (105) 19.Salle A. Interactions among competition, emergence patterns, behaviour pini Scolytinae).Ecol. 2007; 32: 162-171Crossref (23) Scholar] moths, 1). Moreover, usually examining driving outbreaks but largely neglect collapse. For example, cases abundant healthy collapse often attributed absence known facilitate (e.g., poor health [20.Marini beetle: long-term study.Oikos. 122: 1768-1776Crossref 21.Stadelmann G. al.Effects salvage logging sanitation felling typographus L.) infestations.For. Manag. 305: 273-281Crossref (67) Scholar]). This oversimplification, however, because non-outbreak typically different ones 1; [4.Safranyik 23.Boone C.K. al.Efficacy defense physiology varies density: basis positive feedback species.Can. For. Res. 2011; 41: 1174-1188Crossref (211) Clearly, severe Here, systematically review gaps using ESBB, (L.), model (Box addressing illustrated study Marini al. [11.Marini who examined 17 ESBB 30 years. They found while storm-felled trees (Figure 1, I, II) were major determinants local ESBBs, 65% variation size remained unexplained. unexplained might part due management sites considered some models moth species suggest or phenotype) reduce sometimes less than 30% [15.Berryman 24.Friedenberg N.A. al.Temperature extremes, density dependence, Curculionidae) east Texas.Environ. 37: 650-659Crossref 25.Candau J-N. Fleming R.A. Landscape-scale spatial distribution budworm defoliation relation bioclimatic conditions.Can. 2005; 35: 2218-2232Crossref (60) Although such frequency phenotypes and/or genotypes IV) recorded included (in particular ESBB; Box 1), clear they invariably all should vary only relative (and probably interactive effects) focal Host has little whereas strongly affects Scholar].Box 1The ESBB–Norway Spruce SystemThe 5-mm endemic across Eurasia I). Palearctic same time keystone ecological point view [30.Hlásny al.Living Impacts, Outlook Management Options. From Policy 8. Institute, 2019Google associated diverse dynamic community bacterial fungal suggested contribute exhaustion defenses [43.Zhao al.Fungal associates typographus, virulence, ability degrade phenolics tunneling behavior.Fungal 2019; 38: 71-79Crossref (26) 53.Lieutier al.Stimulation ophiostomatoid fungi explain attack success conifers.Ann. 2009; 66: 801Crossref (108) detoxification [36.Wadke N. al.The bark-beetle-associated fungus, Endoconidiophora polonica, utilizes phenolic compounds its carbon source.Plant Physiol. 171: 914-931PubMed 37.Lah al.A genomic comparison putative pathogenicity-related gene families five members Ophiostomatales lifestyles.Fungal 121: 234-252Crossref (6) 54.Boone al.Bacteria concentrations plant compounds.J. Chem. 39: 1003-1006Crossref (123) nutrient provisioning [40.Six D.L. holobiont: why microbes matter.J. 989-1002Crossref (71) Intraspecific competition one [42.Toffin al.Colonization weakened mass-attacking no penalty pioneers, scattered initial distributions final regular patterns.R. Soc. 5170454Crossref (9) relaxed build-up phase numbers dead trees. Interspecific wood borers ESBBs (but see [27.Thalenhorst W. Grundzüge der Populationsdynamik des grossen Fichtenborkenkäfers L.Schr. Forstl. Fak. Univ. Gott. 1958; 21: 1-126Google 55.Byers Avoidance Pityogenes chalcographus.Cell. Mol. Life 1993; 49: 272-275Crossref Scholar]) substantial impact [3.Lindgren It unknown what degree predatory woodpeckers, nematodes) entomopathogenic fungi, viruses) [34.Wegensteiner contradictory. Phoretic mites, which feed transmit spores, seem [26.Hofstetter 38.Linnakoski al.Seasonal succession phoretic mites region Finland.PLoS One. 11e0155622Crossref unstudied.The usual windthrown standing (primarily spruce, Picea abies). Trees defend themselves anatomical stone cells) chemical terpenoid oleoresins) [56.Krokene Conifer resistance 177-207Crossref (77) vigorous overwhelmed pheromone-coordinated mass during 57.Wermelinger B. – recent research.For. 202: 67-82Crossref (507) There evidence, high results low reproduction dampen growth 28.Anderbrant O. al.Intraspecific affecting parents offspring typographus.Oikos. 1985; 45: 89-98Crossref (157) 29.Botterweg size, fat content L.1.J. 96: 47-55Google Scholar].Intensification Europe resulted unnaturally densities spruce. build up frequently severely homogeneous stands, especially if change stressors. Higher temperatures drought, efficacy allow overwhelm lower Non-outbreak therefore expected, already observed, undergo frequent build-ups Central alone annual losses 14.5 million m3 2002 2010 windstorms combination 2018 summer drought result (40 Europe, 18 Czech Republic alone) These strong negative consequences ecosystem services clean water timber, regulation storage, paradoxically biodiversity [31.Thom D. Seidl Natural disturbance temperate boreal forests.Biol. 91: 760-781Crossref (302) Scholar].Figure IIResponses Beetle Populations Anthropocene.Show full captionNon-outbreak (A), build-up, (B) dynamics.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 1Overview Variables Affecting Eruptive Insects Known Unknown Effects (ESBB), System.Show captionBoxes 3–11 represent measurable arrows stand single hypotheses describing direct variable another, accounted tested observational experimental studies. (I) Major affected macro- regional scale. (II) Most relating properties landscape (III) Main phases (non-outbreak, outbreak, collapse) species. (IV) plus (phenotype, genotype, competition). Arrows An arrow boxes group II, IV III would indicate beetle. connecting multiple eventually pointing four indirect effect. gray yet mirror ESBB. implies another ESBB.View

Язык: Английский

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Climate change induces multiple risks to boreal forests and forestry in Finland: A literature review

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 26(8), С. 4178 - 4196

Опубликована: Май 25, 2020

Climate change induces multiple abiotic and biotic risks to forests forestry. Risks in different spatial temporal scales must be considered ensure preconditions for sustainable multifunctional management of ecosystem services. For this purpose, the present review article summarizes most recent findings on major boreal Finland under current changing climate, with focus windstorms, heavy snow loading, drought forest fires insect pests pathogens trees. In general, growth is projected increase mainly northern Finland. south, growing conditions may become suboptimal, particularly Norway spruce. Although wind climate does not remarkably, damage risk will especially because shortening soil frost period. The anticipated north decrease south. Increasing summer boost large-scale fires. Also, warmer increases bark beetle outbreaks wood decay by Heterobasidion root rot coniferous forests. probability detrimental cascading events, such as those caused a followed widespread outbreak, remarkably future. Therefore, simultaneous consideration essential.

Язык: Английский

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Climate change‐mediated temperature extremes and insects: From outbreaks to breakdowns

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 26(12), С. 6685 - 6701

Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2020

Abstract Insects are among the most diverse and widespread animals across biosphere well‐known for their contributions to ecosystem functioning services. Recent increases in frequency magnitude of climatic extremes (CE), particular temperature (TE) owing anthropogenic climate change, exposing insect populations communities unprecedented stresses. However, a major problem understanding responses TE is that they still highly unpredictable both spatially temporally, which reduces frequency‐ or direction‐dependent selective by insects. Moreover, how species interactions community structure may change response stresses imposed poorly understood. Here we provide an overview terrestrial insects respond integrating organismal physiology, multitrophic, community‐level interactions, building up explore scenarios population explosions crashes have ecosystem‐level consequences. We argue can push herbivores natural enemies even beyond adaptive limits, differ intimately involved trophic leading phenological disruptions structural reorganization food webs. ultimately lead outbreak–breakdown cycles with detrimental consequences resilience. Lastly, suggest new research lines will help achieve better wide range CE.

Язык: Английский

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Living with bark beetles: impacts, outlook and management options

From science to policy, Год журнала: 2019, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2019

Язык: Английский

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