Tizanidine: Advances in Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Drug Formulations

Journal of Pain Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер Volume 17, С. 1257 - 1271

Опубликована: Март 1, 2024

Background: Skeletal muscle relaxants (SMRs) are widely used in treating musculoskeletal conditions.All SMRs, with the exception of baclofen and tizanidine, on list 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria ® for potentially inappropriate medication use older adults.In our geriatric practice, off-label tizanidine as preemptive analgesia drove us to find recent advances its pharmacology therapeutics.An update review was thus presented, aiming bring latest knowledge clinicians promote further research practical exploration.Methods: Relevant literature up December identified through searches PubMed, Web Science, Embase.Results: Tizanidine, a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist both antispastic antispasmodic activity, shows efficacy common indications all SMRs.From perspective drug safety, has lower incidences adverse events (injury, delirium, encephalopathy, falls, opioid overdose) compared baclofen, no association risk Alzheimer's disease orphenadrine, serotonin syndrome like metaxalone when comedicated serotonergic drugs, significant pharmacokinetic changes CYP2C19 poor metabolizers unlike diazepam carisoprodol, physically addictive or abuse properties carisoprodol diazepam.From new potential therapeutic uses, additional benefits (eg, gastroprotection that can improve patient tolerance nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-neuropathic pain, key component multimodal strategy reduce early postoperative anti-tumor effects).New delivery systems developing pharmacokinetics oral products, including buccal patches, transdermal systems, nasal spray, situ rectal gel.Conclusion: Tizanidine is an SMR unique features may be optimal initial choice adults.There would more scientific studies, wider applications, formulations future.

Язык: Английский

Baclofen Safety, Toxicity, Withdrawal, and Overdose

˜The œReceptors, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 143 - 166

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants and Acute Pain

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский