The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(23), С. 12824 - 12824

Опубликована: Ноя. 26, 2021

Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development having prominent applications food medicine. The biosynthesis flavonoids has long been the focus intense research biology. derived from phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, have a basic structure that comprises C15 benzene ring C6-C3-C6. Over recent decades, considerable number studies directed at elucidating mechanisms involved flavonoid plants. In this review, we systematically summarize biosynthetic pathway. We further assemble exhaustive map plants comprising eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin biosynthesis) four intermediate (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, leucoanthocyanidin). This review affords comprehensive overview current knowledge regarding biosynthesis, provides theoretical basis for pathways flavonoids, which will aid better understanding their functions potential uses.

Язык: Английский

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MYB-Mediated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(6), С. 3103 - 3103

Опубликована: Март 18, 2021

Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble pigments that important in plants because they endow a variety of colors to vegetative tissues and reproductive plant organs, mainly ranging from red purple blue. The regulated by anthocyanins give different visual effects through biosynthetic pathways provide pigmentation for flowers, fruits seeds attract pollinators seed dispersers. biosynthesis is genetically determined structural regulatory genes. MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) proteins transcriptional regulators play roles the regulation secondary metabolism. transcription factors (TFs) occupy dominant position network anthocyanin biosynthesis. TF conserved binding motifs can be combined with other TFs regulate enrichment sedimentation anthocyanins. In this study, mechanisms MYB-TFs discussed. role environment control summarized, complex formation mechanism environment-induced synthesis analyzed. Some prospects MYB-TF modulate comprehensive put forward, more relevant basis further research field, guide directed genetic modification improvement crops food quality, nutrition human health.

Язык: Английский

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Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(7), С. 1064 - 1064

Опубликована: Июнь 30, 2021

Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, consequently received increasing attention as food item. Isoflavones structurally similar 17-β-estradiol bind estrogen receptors (ERα ERβ). The estrogenic activity isoflavones ranges from hundredth thousandth that itself. play role regulating effects body, depending on situation. Thus, when is insufficient, perform functions estrogen, excessive, block which binds, thus acting an antagonist. In particular, antagonistic important breast, endometrium, prostate, such suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, breast cancer. It function enzymes tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated DNA polymerase II, inhibiting cell proliferation inducing apoptosis. Genistein most biologically active potent isoflavone candidate for prevention. Furthermore, among physiological best known antioxidant activities. S-Equol, metabolite genistein daidzein, strong antioxidative effects; however, ability metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based racial individual differences. may be effective preventing dementia by phosphorylation Alzheimer's-related tau proteins. reduces allergic responses limiting expression mast IgE receptors, involved responses. addition, prevent treat diseases, cardiovascular metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, inflammation. Further, it positive menstrual irregularity non-menopausal women relieving menopausal symptoms middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption steep trend Western countries where intake was previously only 1/20-1/50 Asian countries. this review, I dealt with latest research trends substantial interest biological efficacy humans plants, related mechanisms.

Язык: Английский

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Plant Metabolomics: An Overview of the Role of Primary and Secondary Metabolites against Different Environmental Stress Factors

Life, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(3), С. 706 - 706

Опубликована: Март 6, 2023

Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), soil pH, are extremely destructive decrease crop yield worldwide. It is expected that more than 50% production losses due to stresses. Moreover, these factors responsible for physiological biochemical changes in plants. The response different plant such stresses a complex phenomenon with individual features several species. In addition, it has been shown stimulate multi-gene responses by making modifications accumulation primary secondary metabolites. Metabolomics promising way interpret stress tolerance study metabolic profiling revealed types metabolites, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which accumulated Among all, as lipids glycine betaine, considered major contributing work osmolytes osmoprotectants plants from various factors. contrast, plant-derived phenolics, terpenoids, nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids), have no direct role Nevertheless, metabolites could play significant defense protecting herbivores, insects, pathogens. they can enhance resistance against Therefore, metabolomics practices becoming essential influential identifying phytochemicals part acclimation stimuli. Hence, an accurate metabolome analysis important understand basics physiology biochemistry. This review provides insight into current information related impact on variations sets metabolite levels explores how help

Язык: Английский

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Evolution and functional diversification of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in plants

Horticulture Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

R2R3-MYB genes (R2R3-MYBs) form one of the largest transcription factor gene families in plant kingdom, with substantial structural and functional diversity. However, evolutionary processes leading to this amazing diversity have not yet been clearly established. Recently developed genomic classical molecular technologies provided detailed insights into relationships functions R2R3-MYBs. Here, we review recent genome-level analyses R2R3-MYBs, an emphasis on their evolution diversification. In land plants, family underwent a large expansion by whole genome duplications small-scale duplications. Along population explosion, series functionally conserved or lineage-specific subfamilies/groups arose roles three major plant-specific biological processes: development cell differentiation, specialized metabolism, biotic abiotic stresses. The rapid diversification R2R3-MYBs are highly consistent increasing complexity angiosperms. particular, recently derived homologous intron patterns (a, b, c) disproportionately related metabolism become predominant subfamilies genomes. is active area research, further studies expected improve our understanding family.

Язык: Английский

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Polyphenols in Plants: Structure, Biosynthesis, Abiotic Stress Regulation, and Practical Applications (Review)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(18), С. 13874 - 13874

Опубликована: Сен. 9, 2023

Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are among the most common of secondary metabolism in plants. Their biosynthesis is characteristic all plant cells and carried out with participation shikimate acetate-malonate pathways. In this case, various structures formed, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, oligomeric polymeric phenolic nature. number already exceeds 10,000. The diversity phenolics affects their biological activity functional role. Most representatives characterized by interaction reactive oxygen species, which manifests itself not only plants but also human body, where they enter through food chains. Having a high activity, successfully used medicines nutritional supplements for health population. accumulation depend on many factors, including physiological-biochemical, molecular-genetic, environmental factors. review, we present latest literature data structure classes compounds, antioxidant biosynthesis, molecular genetic aspects (genes transfactors). Since grow significant changes planet, response to action abiotic factors (light, UV radiation, temperature, heavy metals) at level composition these metabolites, well metabolic regulation, considered. Information given about important necessary components nutrition pharmaceutically valuable substances Proposals promising areas research development field presented.

Язык: Английский

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Floral Scents and Fruit Aromas: Functions, Compositions, Biosynthesis, and Regulation

Frontiers in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Март 10, 2022

Floral scents and fruit aromas are crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants. They used defense mechanisms, along with mechanisms to attract pollinators seed dispersers. In addition, they economically important for the quality of crops, as well perfume, cosmetics, food, drink, pharmaceutical industries. share many flowers fruits. Volatile classified terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives, amino derivatives. Many genes transcription factors regulating synthesis volatiles have been discovered. this review, we summarize recent progress function, composition, biosynthetic pathway, metabolism regulation. We also discuss unresolved issues research perspectives, providing insight into improvements applications plant VOCs.

Язык: Английский

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WRKY transcription factors in plant defense

Trends in Genetics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 39(10), С. 787 - 801

Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2023

Язык: Английский

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The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Molecules, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 28(8), С. 3599 - 3599

Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2023

With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved a variety of biological activities plants, which can protect different (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi bacteria) stresses (salt stress, drought UV, higher lower temperatures). contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones dihydroflavonols, widely distributed plants. As pathway flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers applied transgenic technologies order explore molecular mechanism genes associated with biosynthesis; as such, shown stress tolerance through regulation content. In present review, classification, structure flavonoids were summarized, roles under forms also included. addition, effect applying on enhancement plant was discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Flavonoid-attracted Aeromonas sp. from the Arabidopsis root microbiome enhances plant dehydration resistance

The ISME Journal, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 16(11), С. 2622 - 2632

Опубликована: Июль 16, 2022

Abstract Flavonoids are stress-inducible metabolites important for plant-microbe interactions. In contrast to their well-known function in initiating rhizobia nodulation legumes, little is known about whether and how flavonoids may contribute plant stress resistance through affecting non-nodulating bacteria. Here we show that broadly the diversity of Arabidopsis root microbiome preferentially attract Aeromonadaceae, which included a cultivable Aeromonas sp. H1 displayed flavonoid-induced chemotaxis with transcriptional enhancement flagellum biogenesis suppression fumarate reduction smooth swims. Strain showed multiple plant-beneficial traits enhanced dehydration resistance, required but not sudden “cry-for-help” upon stress. boosted dehydration-induced H2O2 accumulation guard cells stomatal closure, concomitant synergistic induction jasmonic acid-related regulators resistance. These findings revealed key role flavonoids, underlying mechanism, mediating plant-microbiome interactions including bacteria-enhanced

Язык: Английский

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