Why mountains matter for biodiversity

Journal of Biogeography, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 47(2), С. 315 - 325

Опубликована: Ноя. 11, 2019

Abstract Mountains are arguably Earth's most striking features. They play a major role in determining global and regional climates, the source of rivers, act as cradles, barriers bridges for species, crucial survival sustainability many human societies. The complexity mountains is tightly associated with high biodiversity, but processes underlying this association poorly known. Solving puzzle requires researchers to generate more primary data, better integrate available geological climatic data into biological models diversity evolution. In perspective, we highlight emerging insights, which stress importance mountain building through time generator reservoir biodiversity. We also discuss recently proposed parallels between surface uplift, habitat formation species diversification. exemplify these links other factors, such Quaternary variations, may have obscured some mountain‐building evidence due erosion processes. Biological evolution complex build‐up certainly not only explanation, probably intertwined than us realize. overall conclusion that geology sets stage speciation, where ecological interactions, adaptive non‐adaptive radiations stochastic together increase Further integration fields yield novel robust insights.

Язык: Английский

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The Andes through time: evolution and distribution of Andean floras

Trends in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 27(4), С. 364 - 378

Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2022

We present an evolutionary and floristic synthesis of Andean plant diversity evolution across time space.Uplift the Andes varied space. Particularly, fast uplift rates between 8 5 Ma in Northern may have favoured diversification.Using online specimen databases, we suggest that flora comprises at least 28 691 species. identify North montane forests as potential species richest area.Using a biogeographic analysis on dataset 14 501 Neotropical 194 clades, reveal are both key source sink vascular biodiversity. unveil strong biogeographical links Andes, Amazonia, Central America.We highlight number critical research gaps, notably major groups still understudied, fewer studies exist for Southern Andes. Filling these gaps will allow more holistic understanding floras provide essential tools their conservation. 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Utrecht. 1981; 481: 1-320Google results, pointing 2B). correlates collections sampling effort, likely bias real contribution (

Язык: Английский

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Beyond the various contrivances by which orchids are pollinated: global patterns in orchid pollination biology

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 202(3), С. 295 - 324

Опубликована: Март 11, 2023

Abstract Orchidaceae show remarkable diversity in pollination strategies, but how these strategies vary globally is not entirely clear. To identify regions and taxa that are data-rich lend themselves to rigorous analyses or data-poor need attention, we introduce a global database of orchid reproductive biology. Our contains > 2900 species representing all subfamilies 23 24 tribes. We tabulated information on habit, breeding systems, means pollinator attraction the identity pollinators. Patterns biology by geography taxonomy presented graphically analysed statistically. On basis our database, most sampled dependent (76%) self-compatible (88%). Pollinator based rewards occurs 54% species, whereas 46% use some deceit. Orchids generally have highly specific interactions (median number = 1). Nonetheless, average, specificity lower for offering rewards, occurring multiple continental Northern America (as defined Taxonomic Database Working Group Level 1 regions). Although reveals impressive knowledge gains, extensive gaps basic observations exist, particularly tropical diverse lineages fly-pollinated species. The expected facilitate targeted studies, further elucidating ecological evolutionary drivers diversity.

Язык: Английский

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Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Orchidaceae using nuclear genes and evolutionary insights into epiphytism

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 65(5), С. 1204 - 1225

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2023

Orchidaceae (with >28,000 orchid species) are one of the two largest plant families, with economically and ecologically important species, occupy global diverse niches primary distribution in rainforests. Among orchids, 70% grow on other plants as epiphytes; epiphytes contribute up to ~50% diversity rainforests provide food shelter for animals microbes, thereby contributing health these ecosystems. Orchids account over two-thirds vascular an excellent model studying evolution epiphytism. Extensive phylogenetic studies subgroups have ;been crucial understanding relationships among many lineages, although some uncertainties remain. For example, subfamily Epidendroideae nearly all epiphytic tribes subtribes still controversial, hampering evolutionary analyses Here we obtained 1,450 low-copy nuclear genes from 610 including 431 newly generated transcriptomes, used them reconstruction robust trees highly supported placements subtribes. We also generally well-supported 131 genera 437 species that were not sampled by previous plastid phylogenomic studies. Molecular clock estimated origin at ~132 million years ago (Ma) divergences most 52 29 Ma. Character supports least 14 parallel origins epiphytism; such was placed recent common ancestor ~95% orchids linked modern Ten occurrences rapid increase diversification rate detected within near after K-Pg boundary, ~80% diversity. This study provides a family-wide tree thus far new insights into epiphytism plants.

Язык: Английский

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The origin and speciation of orchids

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 242(2), С. 700 - 716

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2024

Orchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations flowering plants. However, their origin, spread across globe, and hotspots speciation remain uncertain due to lack an up-to-date phylogeographic analysis. We present a new Orchidaceae phylogeny based on combined high-throughput Sanger sequencing data, covering all five subfamilies, 17/22 tribes, 40/49 subtribes, 285/736 genera, c. 7% (1921) 29 524 accepted species, use it infer geographic range evolution, diversity, patterns by adding curated geographical distributions from World Checklist Vascular Plants. The orchids' recent common ancestor is inferred have lived in Late Cretaceous Laurasia. modern Apostasioideae, which comprises two genera with 16 species India northern Australia, interpreted as relictual, similar that numerous other groups went extinct at higher latitudes following global climate cooling during Oligocene. Despite ancient orchid diversity mainly originated over last 5 Ma, highest rates Panama Costa Rica. These results alter our understanding origin orchids, previously proposed Australian, pinpoint Central America region recent, explosive speciation.

Язык: Английский

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Conceptual and empirical advances in Neotropical biodiversity research

PeerJ, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 6, С. e5644 - e5644

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2018

The unparalleled biodiversity found in the American tropics (the Neotropics) has attracted attention of naturalists for centuries. Despite major advances recent years our understanding origin and diversification many Neotropical taxa biotic regions, questions remain to be answered. Additional biological geological data are still needed, as well methodological that capable bridging these research fields. In this review, aimed primarily at advanced students early-career scientists, we introduce concept "trans-disciplinary biogeography," which refers integration from multiple areas biology (e.g., community ecology, phylogeography, systematics, historical biogeography) Earth physical sciences geology, climatology, palaeontology), a means reconstruct giant puzzle evolution space time. We caution against extrapolating results derived study one or few convey general scenarios landscape formation. urge more coordination ideas among disciplines, transcending their traditional boundaries, basis advancing tomorrow's ground-breaking research. Our review highlights great opportunities studying biota understand life.

Язык: Английский

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Improved estimation of macroevolutionary rates from fossil data using a Bayesian framework

Paleobiology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 45(4), С. 546 - 570

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2019

Abstract The estimation of origination and extinction rates their temporal variation is central to understanding diversity patterns the evolutionary history clades. fossil record provides only direct evidence biodiversity changes through time has long been used infer dynamics in deep time. software PyRate implements a Bayesian framework analyze occurrence data estimate preservation, origination, while incorporating several sources uncertainty. Building upon this framework, we present suite methodological advances including more complex realistic models preservation first likelihood-based test compare fit across different models. Further, develop new reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm variation, which reliable results includes an explicit number placement statistically significant rate changes. Finally, implement C++ library that speeds up analyses by orders magnitude, therefore facilitating application methods large sets. We demonstrate functionalities extensive simulations with analysis set Cenozoic marine mammals. our analytical against two widely alternative rates, revealing decisively outperforms them range simulated Our indicate statistical model testing, often neglected fossil-based macroevolutionary analyses, crucial obtain accurate robust results.

Язык: Английский

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Testing the Role of the Red Queen and Court Jester as Drivers of the Macroevolution of Apollo Butterflies

Systematic Biology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 67(6), С. 940 - 964

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2018

In macroevolution, the Red Queen (RQ) model posits that biodiversity dynamics depend mainly on species-intrinsic biotic factors such as interactions among species or life-history traits, while Court Jester (CJ) states extrinsic environmental abiotic have a stronger role. Until recently, lack of relevant methodological approaches has prevented unraveling contributions from these 2 types to evolutionary history lineage. Herein, we take advantage rapid development new macroevolution models tie diversification rates changes in paleoenvironmental (extrinsic) and/or (intrinsic) factors. We inferred robust and fully-sampled species-level phylogeny, well divergence times ancestral geographic ranges, related radiation Apollo butterflies (Parnassiinae) using both extant (molecular) extinct (fossil/morphological) evidence. tested whether their are better explained by an RQ CJ hypothesis, assessing speciation extinction were mediated diversity-dependence (niche filling) clade-dependent host-plant association large-scale continuous climate geology (CJ). For found significant differences associated with different host-plants but detected no sign diversity-dependence. CJ, role Himalayan–Tibetan building was substantial for biogeography not driver high speciation, positive dependence between warm speciation/extinction supported continuously varying maximum-likelihood models. find rather than single factor, joint effect multiple (biogeography, drivers, mass extinction) is responsible current diversity patterns same factor might act differently across clades, emphasizing notion opportunity. This study confirms importance confluence several explanations modeling within lineages.

Язык: Английский

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Darwin review: angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 286(1899), С. 20190099 - 20190099

Опубликована: Март 27, 2019

Darwin's dual interests in evolution and plants formed the basis of evolutionary botany, a field that developed following his publications on both topics. Here, we review many contributions to plant biology—from origins angiosperms reproduction, carnivory, movement—and note he expected one day there would be ‘true’ genealogical tree for plants. This view fuelled phylogenetics. With perhaps nearly 400 000 species, have diversified rapidly since their origin Early Cretaceous, often through what appear rapid radiations. We describe these patterns, evaluate possible drivers radiations, consider how new approaches studies diversification can contribute our understanding angiosperm diversity, suggest directions further insight into evolution.

Язык: Английский

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Mountains, climate and niche heterogeneity explain global patterns of fern diversity

Journal of Biogeography, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 48(6), С. 1296 - 1308

Опубликована: Фев. 16, 2021

Abstract Aim It is well known that the distribution of species diversity spatially heterogeneous, but understanding factors contributing to this heterogeneity and formation biodiversity hotspots remains a challenge. Here, we seek improve our how historical, ecological evolutionary processes contribute current patterns global fern diversity. Location Worldwide. Taxon Ferns. Methods To evaluate drivers diversity, integrate over 800,000 georeferenced occurrence records nearly 8000 species, time‐calibrated phylogeny seven climate environmental layers. We use these data summarize at resolution 100 × km, identify richness endemism. compare neighbouring non‐hotspot regions provide insight into controlling Results Tropical subtropical mountains harbour disproportionate amount relative land area they occupy; 58% occur in eight principally montane together comprising just 7% Earth’s area. endemism are universally characterized by disproportionately high variation. demonstrate total scales linearly with available space regional scales. Main Conclusions Areas extant reflect areas, especially lower latitudes. Persistence ancient lineages areas long‐term climatic stability helps explain exceptional such as Malesia.

Язык: Английский

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